PENGUKURAN KINERJA PERUSAHAAN DENGAN BALANCED SCORECARD: BENTUK, MEKANISME, DAN PROSPEK APLIKASINYA PADA BUMN

https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.40008

Bambang Sudibyo(1*)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Balanced Scorecaid (BSC), sebagaimana dituturkan oleh penciptanya yaitu Robert S. Kaplan dan David P. Norton (Kaplan dan Norton, 19% A), bermula dari suatu penelitian satu tahun pada selusin perusahaan-Advanced Micro Devices, American Standard, Apple Computer, Bell South, CIENA, Conner Peripherals, Coy Research, Du Pont, Electronic Data Systems, General Electric, HewlettPachard, dan Shell Canada pada tahun 1990 disponsori oleh Nolan Norton Institute, lembaga penelitian milik KPMG. Penelitian itu berjudul "Measuring Performance in the Organization of the Future," dan David Norton, CEO dari Nolan Norton, bertindak sebagai ketua tim peneliti sementara Bob Kaplan menjadi konsultan akademisnya. Studi itu dimotivasi oleh keyakinan bahwa model pengukuran kinerja perusahaan melalui akuntansi keuangan tidak lagi memadai dan bahkan bisa menghambat kemampuan perusahaan menciptakan nilai ekonomis di masa yang akan datang. Motivasi ini tentu mengingatkan kita pada buku Johnson dan Kaplan berjudul "Relevance Lost' (1987) yang menceritakan perkembangan akuntansi manajemen yang cenderung lebih memenuhi selera sofistikasi akademik daripada menjawab permasalahan rifl dalam bisnis. Temuantemuan dari studi itu diringkas dalam suatu attikel, Measures That Drive Performance!' di Harvard Business Review (HBR) edisi Januari-Februari 1992 (Kaplan dan Norton, 1992).  Pengamatan lebih lanjut terhadap penerapan BSC di beberapa perusahaan menyadarkan Kaplan dan Norton bahwa BSC bisa dipakai lebih dari sekedar sebagai sistem pengukuran, melainkan juga untuk mengkomunikasikan strategi baru dan mengalign organisasi terhadap strategi baru itu. Observasi ini mereka tulis dalam artikel HBR lain dengan judul "Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work," (Kaplan dan Norton, 1993). Pengamatan lebih lanjut terhadap penggunaan banyak ukuran dalam BSC yang satu sama lain dirangkai bersama oleh suatu seri
hubungan sebab-akibat mengantarkan mereka pada kesimpulan baru, yaitu bahwa BSC bisa dipakai untuk mengelok strategi. Tegasnya BSC adalah suatu sistem manajemen yang bisa dipakai sebagai kerangka sentral dalam berbagai proses managerial penting: penentuan gol individual dan tim, pemberian konpensasi, alokasi sumberdaya, perencanaan dan peranggaran, pemberian umpan balik strategis, dan pemberdayaan karyawan serta penumbuhan iklim belajar dalam organisasi. Perkembangan baru ini mereka laporkan dalam artikel HBR yang ketiga, "Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System' (Kaplan dan Norton, 1996). Dan akhirnya, laporan yang paling komprehensif tentang BSC ini mereka tulis dalam buku monograf berjudul "The Balanced Scorecard' (Kaplan dan Norton, 199 A), acuan utama penulis dalam penulisan makalah ini. Mereka berharap BSC masih akan berkembang lebih lanjut, terbukti dari pengakuan mereka bahwa monograf itu masih merapakan suatu progress report.



Keywords


Kinerja, Perusahaan, Balanced Scorecard, BUMN, Aplikasi

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.40008

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