Porous Carrageenan-Derived Carbons for Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution

https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.82163

S M Anisuzzaman(1), Rachel Fran Mansa(2*), Richmond Pillai Elkes(3)

(1) Energy and Materials Research Group, Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
(2) Energy and Materials Research Group, Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
(3) Energy and Materials Research Group, Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Activated carbon (AC) is a widely used adsorbent that can be applied to remove lead (Pb(II)) ions from wastewater. In the current work, carrageenan was used as a precursor to prepare carraggenan based activated carbon (CAC) using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a chemical activating agent for Pb(II) ions adsorption from aqueous solution of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2). The preparation process involved activation of the carrageenan with KOH at a ratio of 1:4 followed by carbonization at 700oC for 4 h. Physical and chemical characterization of synthesized CAC was conducted to understand surface morphology and functional groups. As the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis found, the CAC particle sizes are, on average 25.11 µm before adsorption and 39.21 µm after adsorption. Functional group studies proved that the adsorbate had been adsorbed into the CAC by showing a band stretch of the nitrile group in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption process was optimized by changing the temperature of adsorption, dosage of adsorbent, and initial concentration of adsorbate. At the optimum conditions, maximum Pb(II) ions adsorption on the CAC was achieved by 99.04%. Throughout this study, the highest capacity of CAC was determined to be 1.95 mg/g, while the minimum capacity was found to be 0.19 mg/g. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm were studied to understand adsorption mechanisms. The results suggested that the Langmuir isotherm model fits better than the Freundlich model with a regression coefficient  of 0.9845. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to test the experimental data. Pseudo-second-order exhibited the best fit data for kinetic studies with a regression coefficient of 0.9996, indicating that the adsorption of lead using CAC is limited by the chemisorption process.


Keywords


Carraggenan, Pb(II) ions, Chemical activation, Heavy metal, Isotherm, Kinetics

Full Text:

PDF


References

Agasti, N., 2021. "Decontamination of heavy metal ions from water by composites prepared from waste.” Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem., 4, 100088.

Alslaibi, T. M., Abustan, I., Ahmad M. A. and Foul, A. A., 2013. "A review: production of activated carbon from agricultural byproducts via conventional and microwave heating.” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 88, 1183-1190.

Buah, W. and Kuma, J., 2012. "Properties of activated carbon prepared from coconut shells in Ghana.” Ghana Min. J., 13, 51-55.

Çermikli, E., Şen, F., Altıok, E., Wolska, J., Cyganowski, P., Kabay, N., Bryjak, M., Arda, M. and Yüksel, M., 2020. "Performances of novel chelating ion exchange resins for boron and arsenic removal from saline geothermal water using adsorption-membrane filtration hybrid process.” Desalination, 491, 114504.

Gerçel, Ö. and Gerçel, H. F., 2007. "Adsorption of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from biomass plant material of Euphorbia rigida.” Chem. Eng. J., 132(1-3), 289-297.

Girish, C. and Murty, V. R., 2015. "Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution using Lantana camara, forest waste: packed bed studies and prediction of breakthrough curves." Environ. Process., 2(4), 773-796.

Hassim, N. A. A., Hui, K. C., Floresyona, D., Kamal, N. A. and Sambudi, N. S., 2022. “Effect of pH on adsorption of Cu2+ by using composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Kaolin.” ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 22(1), 93-104.

Haloi, N., Sarma, H. P., and Chakravarty, P., 2013. "Biosorption of lead (II) from water using heartwood charcoal of Areca catechu: equilibrium and kinetics studies.” Appl. Water Sci., 3(3), 559-565.

Hui, T. S. and Zaini, M. A. A., 2015. "Potassium hydroxide activation of activated carbon: a commentary.” Carbon Lett., 16(4), 275-280.

Imamoglu, M., Ozturk, A., Aydın S., Manzak, A., Gündoğdu, A. and Duran, C., 2018. "Adsorption of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution by hazelnut husk activated carbon prepared with potassium acetate.” J. Dispers. Sci. Technol., 39(8), 1144-1148.

Islam, M. S., Kwak, J. H., Nzediegwu, C., Wang, S., Palansuriya, K., Kwon, E. E., Naeth, M. A.., El-Din, M. G., Ok, Y. S. and Chang, S. X., 2021. "Biochar heavy metal removal in aqueous solution depends on feedstock type and pyrolysis purging gas.” Environ. Pollut., 281, 117094.

Jahan, N., Roy, H., Reaz, A. H., Arshi, S., Rahman, E., Firoz, S. H. and Islam,M. S., 2022. "A comparative study on sorption behavior of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide towards methylene blue.” Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., 6, 100239.

Jaishankar M., Tseten T., Anbalagan N., Mathew B. B,and Beeregowda K. N., 2014. "Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals.” Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7(2), 60-72.

Kamal K. H., Dacrory S. , Ali S. S. M, Ali K. A. and Kamel S., 2019. "Adsorption of Fe ions by modified carrageenan beads with tricarboxy cellulose: kinetics study and four isotherm models.” Desalin. Water Treat., 165, 281-289.

Kavand, M., Eslami, P. and Razeh, L., 2020. "The adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from the synthesis wastewater with the activated carbon: Optimization of the single and binary systems.” J. Water Process Eng., 34, 101151.

Keshk, A. A., Elsayed, N. H., Zareh, M. M., Alenazi, D. A. K., Said, S., Alatawi, A. O., Albalawi, R. K., Maher, M., Algabry, S. M. and Shoueir, K., 2023. “Kappa-carrageenan for benign preparation of CdSeNPs enhancing the electrochemical measurement of AC symmetric supercapacitor device based on neutral aqueous electrolyte.” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 234, 123620.

Khan A., Goepel, M., Colmenares, J. C. and Gläser, R., 2020. "Chitosan-based N-doped carbon materials for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic applications.” ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8(12), 4708-4727.

Kushwaha, A. K., Gupta, N. and Chattopadhyaya, M. C., 2017. "Adsorption behavior of lead onto a new class of functionalized silica gel.” Arab. J. Chem., 10(1), S81-S89.

Kwak, J. H., Islam, M. S., Wang, S., Messele, S. A., Naeth, M. A., El-Din, M. G. and Chang, S. X., 2019. "Biochar properties and lead(II) adsorption capacity depend on feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, and steam activation.” Chemosphere, 231, 393-404.

Laksono H, Dyah C. K., Putri R. P. G., Soraya M., Purwoto H., 2022. "Characteristics of rapid visco analyzer carrageenan extract with enzymatic pretreatment of Kappaphycus striatum.” ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 22 (2), 326-336.

Lapwanit, S., Sooksimuang, T. and Trakulsujaritchok, T., 2018. "Adsorptive removal of cationic methylene blue dye by kappa-carrageenan/poly (glycidyl methacrylate) hydrogel beads: preparation and characterization.” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 6(5), 6221-6230.

Lee J. W., Choi H., Hwang U. K., Kang J. C., Kang Y. J., Kim K. I. and Kim J. H., 2019. "Toxic effects of lead exposure on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immune responses in fish: A review.” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 68, 101-108.

Maharani, C. A., Budiasih, E. and Wonorahardjo, S., 2019. "Preparation and characterization of silica-carrageenan adsorbent for Pb2+ and Cd2+ as interfering ion.” IOP Conf.e Ser.s: Mater. Sci. Eng. 546, 042021, 1-8

Mahdavinia, G. R., Bazmizeynabad, F. and Seyyedi, B., 2015. "Kappa-Carrageenan beads as new adsorbent to remove crystal violet dye from water: adsorption kinetics and isotherm.” Desalin. Water Treat., 53(9), 2529-2539.

Mandal S., Jose Calderon, J., Marpu S. B., Omary, M. A. and Shi S. Q., 2021. "Mesoporous activated carbon as a green adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals and Congo red: characterization, adsorption kinetics, and isotherm studies.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 243, 103869.

Momčilović, M., Purenović, M., Bojić, A., Zarubica, A. and Randelovid, M., 2011. "Removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pine cone activated carbon.” Desalination, 276(1-3), 53-59.

Neme, I., Gonfa, G. and Masi, C., 2022. "Activated carbon from biomass precursors using phosphoric acid: A review.” Heliyon, 8(12), e11940.

Nogueira, J., António, M., Mikhalev, S. M., Fateixa, S., Trindade, T. and Daniel-Da- Silva, A. L., 2018. "Porous Carrageenan-derived carbons for efficient ciprofloxacin removal from water.” Nanomaterials, 8(12) 1004.

Padmavathy, K., Madhu, G. and Haseena, P. 2016., "A study on effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, time, initial concentration and adsorption isotherm study for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater by magnetite nanoparticles." Proc. Technol., 24, 585-594.

Rahman, M. M., Adil, M., Yusof, A. M., Kamaruzzaman,Y. B. and Ansary,R. H., 2014. "Removal of heavy metal ions with acid activated carbons derived from oil palm and coconut shells.” Materials, 7(5), 3634-3650.

Roy, H., Islam M. S., Arifin, M. T. and Firoz, S. H., 2022. "Chitosan-ZnO decorated Moringa oleifera seed biochar for sequestration of methylene blue: Isotherms, kinetics, and response surface analysis.” Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag., 18, 100752.

Santhy, K. and Selvapathy, P., 2006. "Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater by adsorption on coir pith activated carbon.” Bioresour. Technol., 97(11), 1329-1336.

Song X., Liu H., Cheng, L. and Qu, Y., 2010. "Surface modification of coconut-based activated carbon by liquid-phase oxidation and its effects on lead ion adsorption.” Desalination, 255(1-3), 78-83.

Wang S., Kwak, J. H., Islam, M. S., Naeth, M. A., El-Din, M. G. and Chang, S. X., 2020. "Biochar surface complexation and Ni (II), Cu (II), and Cd (II) adsorption in aqueous solutions depend on feedstock type.” Sci. Total Environ., 712, 136538.

Yahya, M. D., Obayomi,K. S., Abdulkadir, M. B., Iyaka, Y. A. and Olugbenga A. G., 2020. "Characterization of cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon for removal of chromium and lead ions from tannery wastewater via adsorption equilibrium.” Water Sci. Eng., 13(3), 202-213.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.82163

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1290 | views : 776

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering  (print ISSN 1655-4418; online ISSN 2655-5409) is published by Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada.