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ANALISIS PERMIBILITAS KERUANGAN DAN DINAMIKA FLUIDA ANGIN DAN SUHU KAWASAN PERMUKIMAN TROPIS SUNGAI DI BANJARMASIN, INDONESIA (An Analysis on Spatial Permeability and Fluid Dynamics of Wind and Thermal in Tropical Riverside Residential Areas)
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Budi Prayitno(1*)
(1) Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Grafika 2 UGM Yogyakarta 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Permukiman tepian sungai di Banjarmasin secara alami merupakan permukiman berbasis pada alam dan budaya huni sungai, saat ini mengalami degradasi kualitas kehidupan dan alamnya. Hal ini diakibatkan oleh bencana kebakaran, banjir dan tinggi resiko terjadinya urban heat island. Secara konfigurasi keruangan tidak terjadi hubungan dan keterpaduan antara ruang arsitektur dan infrastruktur kawasan yang berbasis daratan dan perairan. Fenomena yang terjadi adalah kepadatan, hubungan kawasan darat dan sungai yang lemah serta degradasi kualitas lingkungan. Selain itu kenyamanan termal kawasan pun sangat rendah, yaitu: aliran angin yang tidak lancar, kelembaban cukup tinggi dan suhu yang tidak nyaman. Penelitian ini mencoba melakukan eksperimen melalui pendekatan simulasi permibilitas ruang dan kenyamanan termal dengan menggunakan metode analisis ruang dengan program Space Syntax dan metode analisis kenyamanan termal dengan program Envimet. Penelitian ini membandingkan kondisi eksisiting dan usulan model arsitektur permukiman kampung beringkat yang berbasis arsitektur permukiman vernakular tepi sungai Banjarmasin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah melalui pendekatan permibilitas keruangan yang mensimbiosiskan konfigurasi antara ruang darat dan air serta arsitektur kawasan dapat ditingkatkan kinerja kejelasan keruangannya tetapi secara kenyamanan termal tidak menunjukkan peningkatan kinerja secara signifikan karena morfologi kawasan yang relatif datar dan dengan proporsi ketinggian rata-rata bangunan yang rendah sehingga tidak terbentuk jalur pergerakan angin sebagai sarana ventilasi dan kenyamanan termal kawasan.
ABSTRACT
Riverside settlements in Banjarmasin that were initially based on their river culture and nature are currently experiencing degradation of life quality and nature. This is caused by fires, floods, and a high risk of urban heat island. In terms of spatial configuration there are no interrelation and integration between regional architecture and infrastructure, which are based on land and water. Problems occurring in these areas are density, less interconnectivity, poor accessibility, and very low intelligibility. In addition, the areas’ thermal comfort is very low – poor wind circulation, high humidity, and uncomfortable temperatures. In the study the researcher conducted an experiment based on permeability approach to solve the challenges and problems related to spatial and thermal comfort by using a spatial analysis method, space syntax, and a thermal comfort analysis method, Envimet. This study compared the existing condition with a model architecture of a city block kampung settlement, which was based on local vernacular architecture of Banjarmasin river banks. The research concluded that the intelligibility performance of spatial permeability approach could be improved. This approach resulted in a symbiosis between spatial configuration of land and water and the regional architecture. However, in terms of thermal comfort no significant improvement of performance occurred because the morphology of the area was relatively flat and the proportion of the average height of buildings was low. Consequently, wind path as ventilation was not formed and area thermal comfort was not created.
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