TEKNIK PENGELOLAAN USAHATANI TANAMAN CABAI BERKELANJUTAN DI DATARAN TINGGI KECAMATAN CIKAJANG KABUPATEN GARUT (Management Technique of Sustainable Red Pepper Crop Farming System in Upland Distric of Cikajang Garut Regency)

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam usahatani cabai merah dataran tinggi adalah penurunan produktivitas tanaman akibat ketidaksesuaian agroteknologi dengan karakteristik lahan dan kebutuhan tanaman. Hal ini mempercepat proses erosi dan meningkatkan kehilangan lapisan atas tanah yang lebih subur sehingga menurunkan produktivitas lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar erosi, menganalisis kontribusi pendapatan usahatani terhadap Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (KHL) petani, dan mengkaji alternatif teknik Konservasi Tanah dan Air (KTA).Erosi dianalisis menggunakan persamaan USLE. Pendapatan usahatani menggunakan analisis anggaran arus uang tunai. KHL petani dihitung berdasarkan jumlah anggota keluarga petani, didekati dari kebutuhan fisik minimal ditambah kebutuhan hidup tambahan. Teknik konservasi tanah diuji pada percobaan petak erosi berukuran 2 x 20 meter dan dibuat pada kemiringan lereng 40 %. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dua faktor. Pertama adalah pola tanam, yaitu cabai merah monokultur (T₁) dan cabai merah tumpangsari dengan kubis (T₂). Kedua adalah teknik konservasi tanah, yaitu guludan searah lereng sebagai kontrol (K₁), guludan searah lereng + guludan memotong lereng jarak 6,60 meter (K₂), guludan memotong lereng (K₃), dan guludan memotong lereng miring 20° (K₄). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin curam kemiringan lereng maka erosi semakin besar melebihi batasETol dan kontribusi pendapatan usahatani terhadapKHL petani semakin rendah. Pola tanam cabai merah monokultur mempunyai erosi yang lebih besar dan kontribusi pendapatan terhadapKHL lebih kecil daripada tumpangsari. Teknik konservasi T₁K₃, T₂K₃, T₁K₄ dan T₂K₄ dapat diterapkan pada lahan dataran tinggi karena mampu menurunkan erosi ≤ ETol (30,92 ton.ha^-1.th^-1) dan meningkatkan pendapatan usahatani ≥ KHL (Rp. 23.920.000 kk^-1.th^-1), sehingga keberlanjutan lingkungan dan ekonomi dapat tercapai.

ABSTRACT

The problems encountered in red pepper farming on the upland area is the decrease in the crops productivity due to a mismatch between agrotechnology with the land characteristics and the needs of the crops. This condition accelerates the erosion process and increase the loss of top soil, which are more fertile. All of those things has in turn decrease land productivity. This objectives of the study are to gain knowledge about the extension of erosion, to analyze the contribution of farm income to the farmers Need of Decent Living (NDL), and to study alternative technique of soil and water conservation. Erosion is analyzed by USLE equations. Farm income is analyzed by using cash flow budget analysis. NDL is calculated based on amount of family member in one family farmer, which is approached by minimum physical necessities added by additional life necessities. Soil conservation technique were tested in erosion experimental plots with 2 x 20 meters size made at the 40 % slope. Randomized block design is used that are consist of two factors. The first is cropping pattern which are monoculture red pepper (T₁) and intercropping red pepper with cabbage (T₂). The second is soil conservation technique which are the ridges in the direction of the slope as the control (K₁), the ridges in the direction of the slope + the ridges cut off the slopes in every 6.6 meters (K₂), the ridges across the slope (K₃), and ridges across the slope with 20° tilted (K₄). The research result shows that as the slope is getting steeper, the erosion is getting higher and exceeded the TSL and the contribution of farm income to the farmers NDL is getting lower. Monoculture red pepper cropping patterns have a greater erosion and the contribution of farm income to the farmers NDL is smaller than the intercropping. Conservation technique T₁K₃, T₂K₃, T₁K₄ and T₂K₄ can be applied to the upland area because it is capable to decrease the erosion less than or equal to the TSL (30.92 ton.ha^-1.yr^-1) and increasing farming income more than or equal to the farmers NDL (Rp. 23,920,000 household^-1.yr^-1), and therefore the sustainability of the environment and the economy can be accomplished.