INTERVENSI MANUSIA TERHADAP KOMUNITAS RHIZOSFIR: REVIEW (Human Disturbance on Rhizosphere Communities: Review)
Enny Widyati(1*)
(1) Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor, 16610. http://www.forda-mof.org
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Abstrak
Walaupun tersembunyi di dalam tanah komunitas rhizosfir merupakan penentu kehidupan di muka bumi dan berperan penting pada pelestarian alam. Rhizosfir merupakan daerah di sekitar perakaran tanaman yang dihuni oleh berbagai mikrobia tanah yang berperan dalam menentukan pertumbuhan dan kesehatan tanaman. Struktur dan komposisi komunitas mikrobia sangat dipengaruhi oleh macam, konsentrasi dan komposisi eksudat akar. Perubahan yang terjadi pada tanaman (umumnya sangat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia) mempengaruhi komunitas rhizosfir, sebaliknya komunitas rhizosfir akan menentukan struktur tumbuhan dan fungsi ekosistem. Review ini membahas pengaruh aktivitas manusia yang mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan terhadap komunitas mikrobia di rhizosfir, yang merupakan hasil kajian dari berbagai sumber terbaru yang dianalisis secara induktif. Aktivitas manusia yang dikaji meliputi praktek pertanian intensif, deforestasi hutan menjadi perkebunan serta perubahan iklim. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa praktek monokulturisasi telah menurunkan biodiversitas mikrobia rhizosfir, menurunkan kinerja enzim tanah dan menurunkan keragaman dan konsentrasi senyawa glukosinolat untuk melawan patogen. Pengolahan tanah, pemupukan anorganik dan penggunaan pestisida telah menurunkan biodiversitas mikrobia rhizosfir. Sebaliknya pemupukan organik tidak berpengaruh terhadap biodiversitas mikrobia tanah. Perubahan fungsi hutan menjadi kebun intensif telah merubah dominansi kelompok mikrobia serta kemampuan mikrobia sesuai fungsinya di ekosistem. Perubahan iklim berdampak pada peningkatan suhu tanah, hal ini telah mengubah komposisi mikrobia rhizosfir. Perubahan komposisi, dominansi dan kemampuan mikrobia di rhizosfir tersebut dapat merubah komposisi populasi tumbuhan di atasnya. Hal ini dapat mengubah keseimbangan dan fungsi ekosistem yang berakibat pada berubahnya kesejahteraan manusia.
Abstract
Even though it is hidden underground, rhizosphere communities define the life in this earth planet and has an important role on nature preservation. Rhizosphere is the zone of soil adjacent immediately to plant roots which inhabited by varies species of beneficial soil microbes for facilitating plants growth and health. Human activities are strongly influence on plant performance. Alteration on plant growth and health statues determine rhizosphere communities that will define the vegetation structures and ultimately ecosystem functions. This paper discuss the negative influences of human activities (anthropogenic factors) on the environment to the rhizosphere communities. Especially the impacts of intensive farming, deforestation and climate changes. It is sourced from current referrences in inductive analysis. One of intensive farming management is monoculture that is not only drastically depleted microbes diversity in the rhizosphere hence decresed soil enzimes activities, but also reduced glucocynolates production, a crucial compound against pathogen. Whereas, tillage, fertilizers and pesticide application significantly diminished microbe biodiversity. Organic fertilizers, on the other hand, did not give crucial impacts this biodiversity. Modify forest into estate have changed domination of groups and lessened capability of phosphate solubilizers. While climate changes, that enhance soil temperature escalation, have altered rhizosphere microbes composition and structure. Replacement of composition, domination, abundance and capability of rhizosphere communities will modify composition and structure of vegetation aboveground. Eventually, will alter the ballance and functions of the ecosystem, which determine the wealth of human population in the earth.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ai, C., Liang, G., Sun, J., Wang, X., He, P., and Zhou, W., 2013. Different Roles of Rhizosphere Effect and Long-Term Fertilization in The Activity And Community Structure of Ammonia Oxidizers in A Calcareous Fluvo-Aquic Soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 57(30771256):30–42.
Beier, C., Ambus, P., Arndal, M.F., Christensen, S., Holmstrup, M., Larsen, K.S., and Pilegaard, K., 2015. Impacts of Climate Change on Terrestrial Ecosystem Functioning – An Overview. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (Vol. CLiMA!TE).
Classen, A., Sundqvist, M.K., Henning, J.A., Newman, G.S., Moore, J.A., Cregger, M.A., and Patterson, C.M., 2015. Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Soil Microbial and Soil Microbial-Plant Interactions: What Lies Ahead? Ecosphere, 6(8):art130.
De Quadros, P.D., Zhalnina, K., Davis-Richardson, A., Fagen, J.R., Drew, J., Bayer, C., and Triplett, E.W.. 2012. The effect of Tillage System and Crop Rotation on Soil Microbial Diversity and Composition In A Subtropical Acrisol. Diversity, 4(4):375–395.
Dermiyati, E.F., Utomo, M., Arif, M.A.S., dan Nugroho, S G.. 2011. Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon Under Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere of Maize After A Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization and Tillage Systems. Journal of Tropical Soils, 16(1):63–68.
Fracetto, G.G.M., Azevedo, L.C.B., Fracetto, F.J.C., Andreote, F.D., Lambais, M R., and Pfenning, L.H.. 2013. Impact of Amazon Land Use on The Community of Soil Fungi. Scientia Agricola, 702):59–67.
Fu, H., Zhang, G., Zhang, F., Sun, Z., Geng, G., and Li, T.. 2017. Effects of Continuous Tomato Monoculture on Soil Microbial Properties and Enzyme Activities in a Solar Greenhouse. Sustainability, 92):317.
Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., Senwo, Z., and Dowd, S.E. 2011. Soil Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Enzyme Activities Under Organic Farming in Alabama. Diversity, 3(3):308–328.
Kesumadewi A.A.I., Iswandi, A., Santosa, D.A., dan Sisworo, E.L., 2000. Contribution Level of Nitrogen by Soil, Fertilizers and Pseudomonas Putida Like on Sorghum Planted in Inceptisol Soil, South Sumatra (Indonesia). Pertemuan Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Isotop dan Radiasi, Jakarta
Lakshmanan, V., Selvaraj, G., and Bais, H.P., 2014. Functional Soil Microbiome: Belowground Solutions to An Aboveground Problem. Plant Physiology, 1662):689–700.
Li, Z., Zu, C., Wang, C., Yang, J., Yu, H., and Wu, H. 2016. Different Responses of Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities to Consecutive Piper nigrum L. monoculture. Scientific Reports, 6(10):35825.
Lin, S., Huangpu, J.J., Chen, T., Wu, L.K., Zhang, Z.Y., and Lin, W.X., 2015. Analysis of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enzyme Activities Associated with Negative Effects of Pseudostellaria Heterophylla Consecutive Monoculture on Yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 472):761–769.
Lo, C.C., 2010. Effect of Pesticides on Soil Microbial Community. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 45(4):348–359.
Mahoney, A.K., Yin, C., and Hulbert, S.H., 2017. Community Structure, Species Variation, and Functional Characterization of Rhizosphere-Associated Bacteria of Different Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 82):132.
Marais, A., Hardy, M., Booyse, M., and Botha, A., 2012. Effects of Monoculture, Crop Rotation, and Soil Moisture Content on Selected Soil Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters in Wheat Fields. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/593623
Mirás-Avalos, J.M., Antunes, P.M., Koch, A., Khosla, K., Klironomos, J.N., and Dunfield, K.E., 2011. The Influence of Tillage on The Structure of Rhizosphere and Root-Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities. Pedobiologia, 54(4), 235–241.
Newman, M.M., Hoilett, N., Lorenz, N., Dick, R.P., Liles, M.R., Ramsier, C., and Kloepper, J.W., 2016a. Glyphosate Effects on Soil Rhizosphere-Associated Bacterial Communities. Science of the Total Environment, 543:155–160.
Newman, M.M., Lorenz, N., Hoilett, N., Lee, N.R., Dick, R.P., Liles, M.R., and Kloepper, J.W., 2016b. Changes in Rhizosphere Bacterial Gene Expression Following Glyphosate Treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 553:32–41.
Phillips, R.P., and Fahey, T.J., 2007. Fertilization Effects on Fineroot Biomass, Rhizosphere Microbes and Respiratory Fluxes in Hardwood Forest Soils. New Phytologist, 176(3):655–664.
Prashar, P., Kapoor, N., and Sachdeva, S., 2014. Rhizosphere: Its Structure, Bacterial Diversity and Significance. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 13(1):63–77.
Sanguin, H., Sarniguet, A., Gazengel, K., Moënne-Loccoz, Y., and Grundmann, G.L., 2009. Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Associated with Disease Suppressiveness Stages of Take-All Decline in Wheat Monoculture. New Phytologist, 184(3):694–707.
Schneider, D., Engelhaupt, M., Allen, K., Kurniawan, S., Krashevska, V., Heinemann, M., and Daniel, R. 2015. Impact of Lowland Rainforest Transformation on Diversity and Composition of Soil Prokaryotic Communities in Sumatra (Indonesia). Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(12):1–12.
Silva, A.P., Babujia, L.C., Matsumoto, L.S., Guimarães, M.F., and Hungria, M., 2013. Bacterial Diversity Under Different Tillage and Crop Rotation Systems in An Oxisol of Southern Brazil. The Open Agriculture Journal, 7:40–47.
Tiquia, S.M., Lloyd, J., Herms, D.A., Hoitink, H.A.J., and Michel, F.C. 2002. Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Soil Nutrients, Microbial Activity and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure Determined by Analysis of TRFLPs of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Applied Soil Ecology, 21(1):31–48.
Widyati, E., 2016. Microbial Community Behaviour in The Rhizosphere of Kilemo ( Litsea cubeba L . Pers ) After Pruning. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22(3):149–157.
Yang, Q., Wang, X., and Shen, Y. 2013. Comparison of Soil Microbial Community Catabolic Diversity Between Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil Induced by Tillage or Residue Retention. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13(1), 187–199.
Zhu, B., Panke-Buisse, K., and Kao-Kniffin, J., 2015. Nitrogen Fertilization Has Minimal Influence on Rhizosphere Effects of Smooth Crabgrass ( Digitaria ischaemum ) and Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ). J. Plant Ecol., 8(4):390–400.
Zhu, C., Ling, N., Guo, J., Wang, M., Guo, S., and Shen, Q., 2016. Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Community Composition Were Correlated with Organic Matter Composition in Maize Rhizosphere Soil. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(11):1–12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jml.25513
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 3135 | views : 4235Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JML Indexed by:
View My Stats