Negosiasi Pemerintah Filipina dengan Amerika Serikat Dalam Rangka Pemberian International Aid di Masa Pandemi COVID-19
Milvania Citantya(1*)
(1) Universitas Sebelas Maret
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Mewabahnya COVID-19 menjadi pandemi global telah memberikan banyak dampak negatif bagi banyak negara, salah satunya bagi negara Filipina. Dalam rangka mengatasi dampak negatif yang diakibatkan oleh COVID-19 di wilayahnya, pemerintah Filipina memutuskan untuk menerima bantuan internasional dari berbagai pihak, salah satunya dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat (AS). Walaupun diberikan oleh pemerintah AS atas dasar nilai – nilai kemanusiaan, bantuan ini tidak sepenuhnya bersih dari kepentingan politik di belakangnya. Pemberian bantuan dari pemerintah AS ini telah berhasil mengubah keputusan politik dari pemerintah Filipina yang semula ingin keluar dari perjanjian keamanan antara AS dengan Filipina, atau lebih dikenal dengan Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), menjadi bersedia memperpanjang masa berlaku perjanjian tersebut. Lewat studi kasus hubungan antara negara Filipina dengan AS, dapat diketahui bahwa negosiasi dan pemberian bantuan internasional dapat digunakan sebagai alat bagi suatu negara untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan serta keputusan politik negara lain. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa bantuan internasional merupakan salah satu senjata politik dalam pergaulan internasional.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aljazeera. 2020. Philippines backtracks on termination of US military deal. 2 Juni. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/philippines-backtracks-termination-military-deal-200602142554480.html.
Armstrong, Paul. 2015. U.S. Marine found guilty of killing transgender woman in Philippines. 1 Des. Diakses Juni 25, 2020. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/01/asia/philippines-us-marine-transgender-killing/index.html.
Babb, Carla. 2020. USS Theodore Roosevelt Deploys to Philippine Sea After COVID-19 Outbreak. 21 Mei. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/uss-theodore-roosevelt-deploys-philippine-sea-after-covid-19-outbreak.
Barbantan, Alin. 2020. Potential end of a Philippines-US Security Treaty. 1 Mei. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://globalriskinsights.com/2020/05/potential-end-of-a-philippines-us-security-treaty/.
CSIS. 2020. Southeast Asia Covid-19 Tracker. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.csis.org/programs/southeast-asia-program/southeast-asia-covid-19-tracker-0.
Falah, Hadit Fikri. 2017. “Negosiasi Diplomasi : Persiapan Pra-Negosiasi.” Critical Thinking for Critical Times.
Gutierrez, Jason. 2020. Philippines Backs Off Threat to Terminate Military Pact With U.S. 2 Juni. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/world/asia/philippines-military-pact-us-duterte.html.
Idrus, Pizaro Gozali. 2020. China ‘ready’ to include ASEAN in $2B COVID-19 aid. 29 Mei. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-ready-to-include-asean-in-2b-covid-19-aid/1857846.
III, LUCIO BLANCO PITLO. 2020. DUTERTE’S U-TURN ON VFA TERMINATION ISN’T ALL ABOUT CHINA. 11 Juni. Diakses Oktober 10, 2020. https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-u-turn-on-vfa-termination-isnt-all-about-china/.
Lancaster, Carol. 2007. “Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics.” Perspective on Politics (University of Chicago Press).
Lewicki, Roy J., Bruce Barry, and David M. Saunders. 2016. Essentials of Negotiation. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Mangkuto, Wangi Sinintya. 2020. Waduh Duterte Ancam Trump, Ada Apa Ini? 24 Januari. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200124172514-4-132579/waduh-duterte-ancam-trump-ada-apa-ini.
Mogato, Manuel. 2020. Phl, US Moving Towards Renegotiating VFA. 5 Juni. Diakses Oktober 10, 2020. https://www.onenews.ph/phl-us-moving-towards-renegotiating-vfa.
National Economic and Development Authority. 2020. “ADDRESSING THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.” 1-21.
Nepomuceno, Priam. 2020. VFA to boost PH-US cooperation amid Covid-19: Army chief. 4 Juni. Diakses Oktober 10, 2020. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1104887.
Panda, Ankit. 2020. In Sudden Step, Philippines Reverses Course on Ending US Visiting Forces Agreement—For Now. 4 Juni. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/in-sudden-step-philippines-reverses-course-on-ending-us-visiting-forces-agreement-for-now/.
Schaus, John. 2020. What Is the Philippines-United States Visiting Forces Agreement, and Why Does It Matter? 12 Feb. Diakses Juni 25, 2020. https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-philippines-united-states-visiting-forces-agreement-and-why-does-it-matter.
The ASEAN Secretariat. 2020. “Economic Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on ASEAN.” ASEAN Policy Brief 1-17.
The Economist. 2020. COVID-19 to send almost all G20 countries into a recession. 26 Maret. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.eiu.com/n/covid-19-to-send-almost-all-g20-countries-into-a-recession/.
The New Humanitarian. 2020. Coronavirus and aid: What we’re watching, 4-10 June. 4 Juni. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/06/04/coronavirus-humanitarian-aid-response.
Tomacruz, Sofia. 2020. Countries giving aid to Philippines during coronavirus pandemic. 8 Mei. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.rappler.com/nation/258160-list-foreign-aid-philippines-coronavirus-pandemic.
U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. 2020. COVID-19. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://ph.usembassy.gov/tag/covid-19/.
UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific. 2020. “The Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 in the Asia-Pacific Region.” 1-33.
USAID. 2020. U.S. provides PHP298 million in new COVID-19 assistance to the Philippines. 13 Mei. Diakses Juni 12, 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/us-provides-php298-million-new-covid-19-assistance-philippines.
Williams, Zachary. 2020. America’s COVID-19 Response in Asia. 22 April. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/americas-covid-19-response-in-asia/.
World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the Philippines. 9 Mei. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.who.int/philippines/emergencies/covid-19-in-the-philippines.
—. 2020. Pertanyaan dan jawaban terkait Coronavirus. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/novel-coronavirus/qa-for-public.
—. 2020. Philippines. 11 Juni. Diakses Juni 11, 2020. https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/ph.
—. 2020. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 18 Juni. Diakses Juni 19, 2020. https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAjwxLH3BRApEiwAqX9arbb_NuWJejKIC_pFUsSbN5tPxYDrrGsn7laASdtYlYptFpmBojnCeBoCRAIQAvD_BwE.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/balairung.v2i2.57282
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1260 | views : 1028Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Kompleks Perumahan Dosen UGM, Bulaksumur B-21, Caturtunggal, Kecamatan Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281.
email: balairungpress@gmail.com | LINE: @GSJ9240C | http://balairungpress.com