From Synthesis to Application: Advances in Macrocyclic Complexes

Nabaa Abbas; Ammar Jihad Alabdali; Mohammed Hussein Al-Mashhadani; Zamzam Alhuwaymil; Mohammed Saeed Alyami; Sohad Abdulkhaleq Alshareef

doi:10.22146/ijc.101121

From Synthesis to Application: Advances in Macrocyclic Complexes

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.101121

Nabaa Abbas⁽¹⁾, Ammar Jihad Alabdali⁽²⁾, Mohammed Hussein Al-Mashhadani^(3*), Zamzam Alhuwaymil⁽⁴⁾, Mohammed Saeed Alyami⁽⁵⁾, Sohad Abdulkhaleq Alshareef⁽⁶⁾

(1) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
(2) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
(3) Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
(4) Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities at Al-Quway’iyah, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11911, Saudi Arabia
(5) Department of Science, King Abdulaziz Military College, Riyadh 14514, Saudi Arabia
(6) University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Macrocyclic complexes, characterized by their large ring structure incorporating multiple donor atoms, have garnered significant attention due to their pivotal roles in both natural and synthetic systems. This review examines the synthetic methods of macrocyclic ligands and their metal complexes, highlighting their structural intricacies and coordination behaviors. The multifaceted applications of these complexes span various domains in pharmaceuticals as they enhance drug solubility and bioavailability; in catalysis, they facilitate oxidation reaction and water splitting processes; in sensing, calixarenes serve as selective ion and molecule detectors; and in biomedicine, certain macrocyclic compounds exhibit potential in targeting cancer stem cells. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, notably in achieving efficient macrocyclization and ensuring stability under diver’s conditions. Future directions emphasize the incorporation of stimuli-responsive supramolecular assemblies to enhance drug delivery mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive overview emphasizes the importance of macrocyclic complexes in advancing chemical science and their potential in addressing contemporary scientific challenges.

Keywords

macrocyclic complexes; catalysis; drug delivery; biomedical applications; supramolecules

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.101121