Effect of Sodium Citrate and Urea as Additive on the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Blood Cockle Shells: Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms Study of Coomassie Brilliant Blue

Dhea Rahmanda Putri; Novesar Jamarun; Upita Septiani; Vivi Sisca

doi:10.22146/ijc.102465

Effect of Sodium Citrate and Urea as Additive on the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Blood Cockle Shells: Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms Study of Coomassie Brilliant Blue

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.102465

Dhea Rahmanda Putri⁽¹⁾, Novesar Jamarun^(2*), Upita Septiani⁽³⁾, Vivi Sisca⁽⁴⁾

(1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Indonesia
(4) Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST BJ Habibie, Setu, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from blood cockle shell waste by the sol-gel method, incorporating sodium citrate and urea as additives for Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) adsorption. The synthesis included HAp without additives (HAp 1) and with 30 g/L of urea and varying sodium citrate concentrations of 0 (HAp 2), 0.1 (HAp 3), 0.2 (HAp 4), 0.3 (HAp 5), 0.4 (HAp 6), and 0.5 (HAp 7) g/L. HAp 4 showed the highest adsorption capacity at 96.60 mg/g. FTIR analysis of HAp 4 revealed adsorption bands for O−H and PO₄³⁻ groups. XRD analysis indicated a crystal size of 24.55 nm with low crystallinity. SEM-EDS analysis showed a Ca/P ratio of 1.28, with an irregular shape due to agglomeration and an average particle size of 1.16 µm. SAA analysis found a surface area of 107.18 m²/g, a pore size of 12.55 nm, and a pore volume of 0.36 cm³/g. HAp 4 followed the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order isotherm models in CBB adsorption and demonstrated five-time reusability, proving it to be an effective adsorbent for CBB dyes.

Keywords

hydroxyapatite; sodium citrate; urea; adsorption; Coomassie brilliant blue

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.102465