Innovative High-Speed Homogenizer Approach for Synthesizing PVDF-GO Membranes from Recycled Battery Graphite

Arifina Febriasari; Ferry Ferdiansyah; Shafa Marwa Salsabila; Muhammad Ridwan; Muhammad Bagas Adhistya Mahardika; Hilyati Hilyati; Wisnu Arfian Anditya Sudjarwo; Nina Arlofa; Supriyadi Supriyadi; Jose Luis Toca-Herrera; Sutrasno Kartohardjono

doi:10.22146/ijc.103909

Innovative High-Speed Homogenizer Approach for Synthesizing PVDF-GO Membranes from Recycled Battery Graphite

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.103909

Arifina Febriasari^(1*), Ferry Ferdiansyah⁽²⁾, Shafa Marwa Salsabila⁽³⁾, Muhammad Ridwan⁽⁴⁾, Muhammad Bagas Adhistya Mahardika⁽⁵⁾, Hilyati Hilyati⁽⁶⁾, Wisnu Arfian Anditya Sudjarwo⁽⁷⁾, Nina Arlofa⁽⁸⁾, Supriyadi Supriyadi⁽⁹⁾, Jose Luis Toca-Herrera⁽¹⁰⁾, Sutrasno Kartohardjono⁽¹¹⁾

(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(7) Institute of Biophysics, Department of Bionanosciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
(8) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(9) Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serang Raya, Jl. Serang-Cilegon Km. 5, Banten 42162, Indonesia
(10) Institute of Biophysics, Department of Bionanosciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
(11) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Effective waste management is essential for achieving a zero-waste environment, particularly in handling hazardous domestic waste like used dry cell batteries. This study explores a sustainable approach by recovering graphite from battery waste to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) for enhancing poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. GO was synthesized using the Hummers method and a modified high-speed homogenization approach, then characterized via Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The fabricated PVDF-GO membranes were further analyzed using SEM-EDS, AFM, water contact angle measurements, and bacterial rejection tests. Results confirmed successful GO synthesis and integration into the polymer matrix. GO incorporation improved hydrophilicity, reducing the water contact angle from 120° (pure PVDF) to 66° and 56° in PVDF/PVP-GO membranes via high-speed homogenization and conventional methods, respectively. The modified membranes exhibited a 5–6 times larger pore size than pure PVDF and achieved nearly 100% bacterial rejection. Additionally, PVDF/PVP-GO(h) showed a 91.76% faster production time efficiency than PVDF/PVP-GO(s).

Keywords

dry cell batteries; graphene oxide; poly-vinylidene fluoride; high-speed homogenization

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.103909