Sustainable Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals from Glucomannan-Based Bacterial Cellulose

Tri Widjaja; Siti Nurkhamidah; Hikmatun Ni’mah; Endarto Yudo Wardhono; Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah; Anggi Tirta; Rossesari Nailah; Citra Yulia Sari

doi:10.22146/ijc.99360

Sustainable Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals from Glucomannan-Based Bacterial Cellulose

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.99360

Tri Widjaja^(1*), Siti Nurkhamidah⁽²⁾, Hikmatun Ni’mah⁽³⁾, Endarto Yudo Wardhono⁽⁴⁾, Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah⁽⁵⁾, Anggi Tirta⁽⁶⁾, Rossesari Nailah⁽⁷⁾, Citra Yulia Sari⁽⁸⁾

(1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(3) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Raya Jakarta Km. 4, Serang 42118, Indonesia
(5) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Jl. Raya Rungkut Madya No. 1, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
(6) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(7) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(8) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC), derived from glucose fermentation, is a renewable material known for its abundant availability, quick production, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly characteristics. This study focuses on converting BC into BC nanocrystals (BCNC) via fermentation, hydrolysis using acid solutions, and ultrasonication. Glucomannan flour with concentrations of 50, 60, and 90% was fermented using Acetobacter xylinum for 10 days at pH 5 to produce BC. The BC was then hydrolyzed with HCl solutions at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 M concentrations, followed by sonication. The 90% glucomannan flour yielded the highest BC amount (22.61 g). BCNC hydrolyzed with 1 M HCl exhibited the highest crystallinity (86%) and an elongated rod-like morphology. In contrast, hydrolysis with 4 and 5 M HCl caused carbonization, reducing crystallinity to below 30%. Particle size analysis showed the largest particle size for BCNC-2 (549.4 nm) and the smallest for BCNC-5 (207.2 nm). This research highlights the potential of glucomannan as a resource to produce BCNC for sustainable materials for various applications.

Keywords

bacterial cellulose; bacterial cellulose nanocrystal; glucomannan; hydrolysis; sonication

Full Text:

Full Text PDF

References

[1] Wardhono, E.Y., Kanani, N., and Alfirano, A., 2020, A simple process of isolation microcrystalline cellulose using ultrasonic irradiation, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 41 (8), 1217–1226.

[2] Ul-Islam, M., Khan, S., Ullah, M.W., and Park, J.K., 2019, Comparative study of plant and bacterial cellulose pellicles regenerated from dissolved states, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 137, 247–252.

[3] Wang, T., and Zhao, Y., 2021, Optimization of bleaching process for cellulose extraction from apple and kale pomace and evaluation of their potentials as film forming materials, Carbohydr. Polym., 253, 117225.

[4] Sholichah, E., Purwono, B., Murdiati, A., Syoufian, A., and Sarifudin, A., 2023, Extraction of glucomannan from porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) with freeze-thaw cycles pre-treatment, Food Sci. Technol., 43, e1423.

[5] Naomi, R., Bt Hj Idrus, R., and Fauzi, M.B., 2020, Plant- vs. bacterial-derived cellulose for wound healing: A review, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (18), 6803.

[6] Poddar, M.K., and Dikshit, P.K., 2021, Recent development in bacterial cellulose production and synthesis of cellulose based conductive polymer nanocomposites, Nano Sel., 2 (9), 1605–1628.

[7] Abraham, E., Kam, D., Nevo, Y., Slattegard, R., Rivkin, A., Lapidot, S., and Shoseyov, O., 2016, Highly modified cellulose nanocrystals and formation of epoxy-nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) nanocomposites, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8 (41), 28086–28095.

[8] Özdemir, B., and Nofar, M., 2021, Effect of solvent type on the dispersion quality of spray-and freeze-dried CNCs in PLA through rheological analysis, Carbohydr. Polym., 268, 118243.

[9] Wardhono, E.Y., Wahyudi, H., Agustina, S., Oudet, F., Pinem, M.P., Clausse, D., Saleh, K., and Guénin, E., 2018, Ultrasonic irradiation coupled with microwave treatment for eco-friendly process of isolating bacterial cellulose nanocrystals, Nanomaterials, 8 (10), 859.

[10] Masaoka, S., Ohe, T., and Sakota, N., 1993, Production of cellulose from glucose by Acetobacter xylinum, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 75 (1), 18–22.

[11] Lahiri, D., Nag, M., Dutta, B., Dey, A., Sarkar, T., Pati, S., Edinur, H.A., Abdul Kari, Z., Mohd Noor, N.H., and Ray, R.R., 2021, Bacterial cellulose: Production, characterization, and application as antimicrobial agent, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22 (23), 12984.

[12] Barnes, W.J., and Anderson, C.T., 2018, Cytosolic invertases contribute to cellulose biosynthesis and influence carbon partitioning in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant J., 94 (6), 956–974.

[13] Arserim-Uçar, D.K., Korel, F., Liu, L., and Yam, K.L., 2021, Characterization of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals: Effect of acid treatments and neutralization, Food Chem., 336, 127597.

[14] Evcil, T., Simsir, H., Ucar, S., Tekin, K., and Karagoz, S., 2020, Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass and effects of combined Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts, Fuel, 279, 118458.

[15] Zhou, L., Huang, Y., He, X., Qin, Y., Dai, L., Ji, N., Xiong, L., and Sun, Q., 2022, Efficient preparation of cellulose nanocrystals with a high yield through simultaneous acidolysis with a heat–moisture treatment, Food Chem., 391, 133285.

[16] Vasconcelos, N.F., Feitosa, J.P.A., da Gama, F.M.P., Morais, J.P.S., Andrade, F.K., de Souza Filho, M.S.M., and Rosa, M.F., 2017, Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals produced under different hydrolysis conditions: Properties and morphological features, Carbohydr. Polym., 155, 425–431.

[17] Andritsou, V., de Melo, E.M.., Tsouko, E., Ladakis, D., Maragkoudaki, S., Koutinas, A.A., and Matharu, A.S., 2018, Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose from citrus-based sustainable resources, ACS Omega, 3 (8), 10365–10373.

[18] De Filippis, P., de Caprariis, B., Scarsella, M., and Verdone, N., 2014, The hydrothermal decomposition of biomass and waste to produce bio-oil, WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ., 180, 445–451.

[19] Wang, Y., Pääkkönen, T., Miikki, K., Maina, N.H., Nieminen, K., Zitting, A., Penttilä, P., Tao, H., and Kontturi, E., 2023, Degradation of cellulose polymorphs into glucose by HCl gas with simultaneous suppression of oxidative discoloration, Carbohydr. Polym., 302, 1203880.

[20] Shojaeiarani, J., Bajwa, D., and Holt, G., 2020, Sonication amplitude and processing time influence the cellulose nanocrystals morphology and dispersion, Nanocomposites, 6 (1), 41–46.

[21] Jonoobi, M., Oladi, R., Davoudpour, Y., Oksman, K., Dufresne, A., Hamzeh, Y., and Davoodi, R., 2015, Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: A review, Cellulose, 22 (2), 935–969.

[22] Shaheen, T.I., and Emam, H.E., 2018, Sono-chemical synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from wood sawdust using acid hydrolysis, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 107, 1599–1606.

[23] Li, W., Yue, J., and Liu, S., 2012, Preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose via ultrasound and its reinforcement capability for poly(vinyl alcohol) composites, Ultrason. Sonochem., 19 (3), 479–485.

[24] Filson, P.B., and Dawson-Andoh, B.E., 2009, Sono-chemical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulose derived materials, Bioresour. Technol., 100 (7), 2259–2264.

[25] Kraśniewska, K., Galus, S., and Gniewosz, M., 2020, Biopolymers-based materials containing silver nanoparticles as active packaging for food applications–A review, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21 (3), 698.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.99360