SMS and Web-Based e-Government Model Case Study: Citizens Complaints Management System at District of Gihosha –Burundi

E-Government basically comprises the use of electronic communications technologies such as the internet, in enhancing and advancing the citizens access to public services. In most developing countries including Burundi, citizens are facing many difficulties for accessing public services. One of the identified problems is the poor quality of service in managing citizens’ complaints. This study proposes an SMS and web based e-Government Model as a solution. In this study, a case study of a complaint management system at district of Gihosha has been used as a reference to prove that SMS and web based e-Government Model can enhances the access of public services. The objective of this study is the development of an SMS and web-based system that can enhances the process and the management of citizens’ complaints at district of Gihosha. The system has been developed using PHP as front end, Apache as web server, MySQL as database and Gammu as SMS gateway. The obtained results after testing the system shows that all the functionalities of the developed system worked properly. Thus, the SMS and web based complaint management system developed is considered to be effective. Keywords— Citizen, e-Government, public services, complaints management, SMS gateway


INTRODUCTION
-Government is the conventional government services made available for citizens through electronic means such as telephone, digital television and internet connected computers and other devices.Internet is increasingly becoming the medium of delivering government services to citizens in an effective and cheaper way.The development of mobile technologies with the introduction of internet enabled mobile phones, PDA's, Wi Fi and wireless network to create a new channel to deliver government services to citizens.
SMS-based e-Government is more likely to increase e-Government usage than the current internet based e-Government.SMS-based e-Government could be the more appropriate channel to deliver e-Government services in developing countries.Since e-Government service is for every citizen, a leading-edge technology should not be adopted unless most citizens are ready to use it [1].
In republic of Burundi, the cost of accessing government services and even information is very high.It goes even higher if we add the cost of transportation on top of the unofficial service cost.The quality of service delivery is very poor especially in citizen complaint's management.Most of the time the persons in charge of answering the citizens' complaints take long time to reply and sometimes they can even ignore the citizens' complaints.The only one way citizens make complaints is by walking in and face to face meeting with the staff in charge.The concerned staff has to write down the citizens' complaints on a paper then constitute a file of citizens' complaints which would keep moving in different offices with a high risk of disappearing.Since there is no computerized system to manage how complaints are managed, it's difficult for the district administrators to make reports regarding the citizens' complaints.
The government recently has taken several measures by introducing e-Government services for ensuring easy access to government information and success.Despite the effort of the government of implementing e-Government, it is still at the initial state due to the lack of telecommunication infrastructure, only 5% of population use internet [2].Burundi has one of the lowest score in e-Government (6%).With this background, Burundi needs such a common media that is easy to use and more available to mass people.With 31% of mobile phone users [2], SMS based e-Government is more likely to be implemented easily in a country like Burundi.As solution, a system based on SMS and web to manage citizens' complaints at district of Gihosha is proposed in this paper.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodoly comprises 2 phases; the first phase is the data collection which consists of collecting all relevant information to determine the user and system requirements; the second is the system design.

1 Data collection
Data collection has been done by two methods: literature study and interviews.Literature study has been carried out by studying various literatures related to this research topic such as scientific journals, research reports, magazines and books.
Interviews has been conducted by means of questioning people who have the capacity and required information related to this research.The administrator of district of Gihosha in republic of Burundi and the director of in charges of public services in the ministry of interior have been questioned.

Requirements analysis
Based on the conducted interviews, it can be concluded the functional requirements are as follows:  The user should be able to access his account at any time.
 The application should be portable , it should run under different web-browsers  The user Interface design should be simple, logical and useable by the user. There should be different user privilege roles. The application usability should be highly The result of user requirements analysis is the determination of the business process of the proposed system.The business process is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Business process of the proposed system
The involved actors and their actions are shown in Table 1.

3 System Design
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements [3].The unified modeling language (UML) has been used as modeling language to provide the visualization of the system design.

3.1 Architecture Design
This stage consists of the determination of what is needed, how the citizen will interact with the proposed system and important events that will occur in the system environment.The output of this stage is the architecture of the proposed system.The system architecture is shown in Figure 2. According to the architecture of the proposed system, citizens will interact with the system via internet or via SMS.citizens could access the system online through a web-browser.A modem will be used to connect the system to the GSM network then to allow to send and to receive SMS.The proposed system will be build using html, CSS, and PHP as programming language, MySQL database and Gammu as SMS gateway.The system will be hosted using Apache HTTP Server on a machine running Windows 7(32bit).

3.2 User Interface Design
User interface (UI) design focuses on anticipating what users might need to do and ensuring that the interface has elements that are easy to access, understand, and use to facilitate those actions [4] [5].The user interface design consist mainly in designing the forms used by users while using the system.

3.3 Database design
Database is used to store citizen's complaint and the answers to the complaints, the citizen's identification data and the transactions between citizens and district staff in charge of replying their complaints.Database design also describes the system architecture to be built.The database inputs are shown in Figure 3.

3.4 Use case diagram
A use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user's interaction with the system that shows the relationship between the user and the different use cases in which the user is involved.A use case diagram can identify the different types of users of a system and the different use cases and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well [6].It contains four actors which are citizen, district staff, district administrator and system administrator and the functions performed by these actors.The use case diagram of the proposed system is shown Figure 4.

Class Diagram
The class diagram is a static diagram which represents the static view of an application.Class diagram is not only used for visualizing, describing and documenting different aspects of a system but also for constructing executable code of the software application [7].The class diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Class Diagram 2.3.6 Activity Diagram
Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow form one activity to another activity.The activity can be described as an operation of the system .So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another [8].Activity diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure 6 and 7.

Implementation
As mentioned earlier in the System design, a web and SMS based complaint management prototype has been built to support this research.The proposed system has been developed using PHP as front end, Apache as web server, MySQL as database and Gammu as SMS gateway.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The developed system has been tested, according to the scope of the study and the objective of this research which mainly focus on the functionality and usability of the developed prototype of the citizen's complaint management system based on web and SMS, only functionality, portability and usability test has been carried out.The functionality testing consists of testing all the links in web pages, database connection, forms used in the web pages for submitting or getting information from user.The result of functionality testing is shown in Table 2.The results obtained after the functionality testing of the built prototype showed that all the functionalities run properly therefore the built prototype meets the functional and user requirements.For usability testing of the built system, summative usability testing methods has been used [9] and the IBM computer system usability questionnaire has been used for the survey [10].After analyzing the survey results, the usability score of the built prototype is 81.9 % which means that the built system is highly usable.The summary of the usability testing result is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Usability Score
The portability testing has been carried out to check if the system can run under different environment.As the built system is a web based system, the system has been tested through different web browsers.The result showed that the system could run properly on Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari, and Internet explorer.
A web based application is said to meet the aspect of portability if it can be read on a variety of web browsers [11].Based on the results obtained after the portability testing of the built system, it can be said that the built system fulfills the portability requirements.

CONCLUSION
Based on the result of the study that has been carried out, it can be concluded that: 1.The SMS and web based application for managing citizen's complaints at district Gihosha has been designed and built using html, CSS, and PHP as programming language, apache server, MySQL database and Gammu as SMS gateway.2. The obtained result after the testing phase shows that all the functionalities of the built system run properly , the built prototype of system is portable and highly usable with a rate of usability of 81,9%.3. The proposed and built system's prototype is a combination of two e-Government models, SMS and web based e-government model and through this e-Government model the access to public services by the citizens of the district of Gihosha could be enhanced.

Figure 2
Figure 2 System Architecture

Figure 4
Figure 4 Use Case Diagram

IJCCSFigure 6 Figure 7
Figure 6 Activity diagram online complaint

Table 1 Business
process involved actors Actors Description System Administrator System administrator has the highest privileges to manage master data in the database i.e. citizen data, employee data and complaint data.And he has the privilege also to create or delete users.District Administrator District Administrator has the privileges to Assign task to employee, work on forwarded complaints by the staff and Generate various report.Citizens Citizens can make complaints online or via SMS, process, View the complaint status and receive the complaint feedback online or via SMS. ISSN: 1978-1520 IJCCS Vol.11, No. 1, January 2017 : 67 -76 70

Table 2
Result of system functionality testing SMS and Web-Based e-Government Model Case Study: Citizens ... (Mugenzi Thierry) 75