Evaluasi Kompetisi Model Tumpang Gilir Cabai Rawit dengan Jagung dan Aplikasi Konsorsium Agens Hayati

Nindy Sevirasari; Endang Sulistyaningsih; Budiastuti Kurniasih; Suryanti Suryanti; Arif Wibowo; Tri Joko

doi:10.22146/veg.101401

Evaluasi Kompetisi Model Tumpang Gilir Cabai Rawit dengan Jagung dan Aplikasi Konsorsium Agens Hayati

https://doi.org/10.22146/veg.101401

Nindy Sevirasari^(1*), Endang Sulistyaningsih⁽²⁾, Budiastuti Kurniasih⁽³⁾, Suryanti Suryanti⁽⁴⁾, Arif Wibowo⁽⁵⁾, Tri Joko⁽⁶⁾

(1) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(2) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(3) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(4) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(5) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(6) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Praktik budidaya yang intensif pada tumpang gilir antara cabai rawit–jagung perlu dilakukan evaluasi untuk mengetahui keunggulan lahan dan kompetisi di antara dua spesies yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui nilai kompetisi dan keunggulan lahan dari model tanam tumpang gilir cabai rawit–jagung dan aplikasi agens hayati. Penelitian dilakukan di Magelang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia pada Mei 2019–Januari 2020. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap dua faktor; faktor pertama yaitu model tanam tumpang gilir (2 baris dan 3 baris cabai rawit) dan faktor kedua yaitu aplikasi agens hayati (dengan dan tanpa aplikasi agens hayati). Monokultur cabai dan jagung tanpa aplikasi agensi hayati merupakan kontrol. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians dan Uji Lanjut Duncan's multiple range tests pada α = 5%. Tumpang gilir dinilai berdasarkan Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan, Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan berdasarkan Waktu, Agresivitas, Rasio Kompetisi, dan Kehilangan Hasil Aktual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Model tanam 2 dan 3 baris cabai rawit pada pola tanam tumpang gilir cabai rawit dengan jagung dan pemberian agens hayati menghasilkan nilai Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan dan Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan Berdasarkan Waktu > 1. Cabai rawit memilki indeks Agresivitas dan Rasio Kompetisi yang lebih besar daripada jagung, namun memiliki nilai Kehilangan Hasil Aktual yang tinggi jika ditanam pada pola tumpang gilir tidak disertai pemberian agens hayati. Dari metode yang diterapkan pada penelitian ini, maka tumpang gilir cabai rawit dengan jagung model 2 baris dengan pemberian agens hayati direkomendasikan karena layak diterapkan dan menguntungkan untuk diusahakan terutama bagi pertanian skala kecil.

Keywords

agresivitas; ATER; kehilangan hasil aktual; LER; rasio kompetisi

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahdiyat, A. 2023. Konsumsi Cabai per Kapita Indonesia Naik, Rekor Tertinggi pada 2023. Retrieved from: <https://databoks.katadata.co.id/demografi/statistik/faf774e4492db0d/konsumsi-cabai-per-kapita-indonesia-naik-rekor-tertinggi-pada-2023>.

Bamboriya, S. D., Bana, R. S., Kuri, B. R., Kumar, V., Bamboriya, S. D., & Meena, R. P. 2022. Achieving higher production from low inputs using synergistic crop interactions under maize-based polyculture systems. Environmental Sustainability, 5(2): 145–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-022-00228-7.

Banik, P. (1996). Evaluation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and legume intercropping under 1:1 and 2:1 row-replacement series system. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 176(5): 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1996.tb00473.x.

Banik, P., Sasmal, T., Ghosal, P. K., & Bagchi, D. K. 2000. Evaluation of mustard (Brassica compestris var. Toria) and legume intercropping under 1:1 and 2:1 row-replacement series systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 185(1): 9–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037X.2000.00388.x.

Bechtaoui, N., El Alaoui, A., Raklami, A., Benidire, L., Tahiri, A. I., & Oufdou, K. 2019. Impact of intercropping and co-inoculation with strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and yield of durum wheat (Triticum durum) and faba bean (Vicia faba). Crop and Pasture Science, 70(8): 649–658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19067.

Beets, W. C. 1982. Multiple cropping and tropical farming systems. In Multiple cropping and tropical farming systems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(84)90071-6.

Berlian, I., Setyawan, B., & Hadi, H. 2013. Mekanisme antagonisme Trichoderma spp. terhadap beberapa patogen tular tanah. Warta Perkaretan, 32(2): 74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.wp.v32i2.39.

Brito, E. A. S., Togni, P. H. B., & Venzon, M. 2021. Aromatic plants and chili pepper intercropping as a pest management strategy. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 16(4): 345–350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v16i4.8439.

Ceunfin, S., Prajitno, D., Suryanto, P., & Putra, E. T. S. 2017. Penilaian Kompetisi dan Keuntungan Hasil Tumpangsari Jagung Kedelai di Bawah Tegakan Kayu Putih. Savana Cendana, 2(01): 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32938/sc.v2i01.76.

Chen, P., Song, C., Liu, X. ming, Zhou, L., Yang, H., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Du, Q., Pang, T., Fu, Z. dan, Wang, X. chun, Liu, W. guo, Yang, F., Shu, K., Du, J., Liu, J., Yang, W., & Yong, T. 2019. Yield advantage and nitrogen fate in an additive maize-soybean relay intercropping system. Science of the Total Environment, 657: 987–999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.376.

Doubi, B. T. S., Kouassi, K. I., Kouakou, K. L., Koffi, K. K., Baudoin, J. P., & Zoro, B. I. A. 2016. Existing competitive indices in the intercropping system of Manihot esculenta Crantz and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley. Journal of Plant Interactions, 11(1): 178–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2016.1266042.

El-Sawah, A. M., El-Keblawy, A., Ali, D. F. I., Ibrahim, H. M., El-Sheikh, M. A., Sharma, A., Hamoud, Y. A., Shaghaleh, H., Brestic, M., Skalicky, M., Xiong, Y. C., & Sheteiwy, M. S. 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance soil key enzymes, plant growth, seed yield, and qualitative attributes of guar. Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(3): 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030194.

Farihadina, A. A., & Sutarman. 2022. Application of Biological Agents of Trichoderma and Aspergillus on Cayenne Chilli Plants in Endemic Land with Fusarium Wilt. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1104(1): 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1104/1/012003.

Gao, Y., Ren, C., Liu, Y., Zhu, J., Li, B., Mu, W., & Liu, F. 2021. Pepper-maize intercropping affects the occurrence of anthracnose in hot pepper. Crop Protection, 148(March), 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105750.

Gliessman, S. R. 1985. Multiple Cropping Systems A Basic for Developing an Alternative Agriculture. In Environmental Studies, University of Califofrnia (pp. 69–83).

Gou, J. Y., Suo, S. Z., Shao, K. Z., Zhao, Q., Yao, D., Li, H. P., Zhang, J. L., & Rensing, C. 2020. Biofertilizers with beneficial rhizobacteria improved plant growth and yield in chili (Capsicum annuum L.). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36(6), 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02863-w.

Hariyono, D., Ali, F. Y., & Nugroho, A. 2021. Increasing the growth and development of chili-pepper under three different shading condition in response to biofertilizers application. Agrivita, 43(1): 198–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v43i1.2833.

Hu, H. Y., Li, H., Hao, M. M., Ren, Y. N., Zhang, M. K., Liu, R. Y., Zhang, Y., Li, G., Chen, J. S., Ning, T. Y., & Kuzyakov, Y. 2021. Nitrogen fixation and crop productivity enhancements co-driven by intercrop root exudates and key rhizosphere bacteria. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(10): 2243–2255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13964.

Islami, T., & Utomo, W. H. 1995. Hubungan tanah, air, dan tanaman. IKIP Semarang. Retrieved from: <https://lib.ui.ac.id/m/detail.jsp?id=137477&lokasi=lokal>.

Jaya, I. K. D., Santoso, B. B., & Jayaputra. 2023. Intercropping red chili with leguminous crops to improve crop diversity and farmers’ resilience to climate change effects in dryland. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1192(1): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1192/1/012001.

Karunarathna, B., & Maduwanthi, A. K. M. R. B. 2022. Competition indices used to evaluate the agronomic and monetary advantage in intercropping: A review. AGRIEAST: Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 16(1): 25–40. DOI: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3773-9402 25.

Kristiana, R. 2019. Mengkaji peranan alelokimia pada bidang pertanian. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 12(1): 41–46. DOI: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v12i1.27398.

Lamichhane, J. R., Alletto, L., Cong, W.-F., Dayoub, E., Maury, P., Plaza-Bonilla, D., Reckling, M., Saia, S., Soltani, E., Tison, G., & Debaeke, P. 2023. Relay cropping for sustainable intensification of agriculture across temperate regions: Crop management challenges and future research priorities. Field Crops Research,291,108795. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108795.

Leoni, F., Lazzaro, M., Ruggeri, M., Carlesi, S., Meriggi, P., & Moonen, A. C. 2022. Relay intercropping can efficiently support weed management in cereal-based cropping systems when appropriate legume species are chosen. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 42(4): 75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00787-3.

Lithourgidis, A. S., Dordas, C. A., Damalas, C. A., & Vlachostergios, D. N. 2011. Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(4): 396–410.

Maitra, S., Hossain, A., Brestic, M., Skalicky, M., Ondrisik, P., Gitari, H., Brahmachari, K., Shankar, T., Bhadra, P., Palai, J. B., Jena, J., Bhattacharya, U., Duvvada, S. K., Lalichetti, S., & Sairam, M. 2021. Intercropping—A low input agricultural strategy for food and environmental security. Agronomy, 11(2): 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020343.

McGilchrist, C. A. 1965. Analysis of Competition Experiments. International Biometric Society, 21(4), 975–985.

Megersa, H. G., & Banjaw, D. T. 2024. Intercropping System: Enhancing Productivity and Sustainability in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Cultivation: A Review. Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 6(02), 40–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i02.001.

Miljaković, D., Marinković, J., & Balešević-Tubić, S. 2020. The significance of bacillus spp. In disease suppression and growth promotion of field and vegetable crops. Microorganisms, 8(7): 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071037.

Mitiku, A., Chala, A., & Beyene, Y. 2014. Effect of intercropping on aphid vectors and yield of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in southern part of Ethiopia. International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 2(6): 24–34. Retrieved from: <https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14101824>.

Palaniappan, S. 1985. Cropping Systems in the Tropics: Principles and Management (1st ed.). Wiley Eastern Limited. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=UI4_AAAAYAAJ.
PDSI. 2024. Perkembangan Perdagangan Luar Negeri Indonesia dan Harga Internasional (Issue September).

Püschel, D., Bitterlich, M., Rydlová, J., & Jansa, J. 2020. Facilitation of plant water uptake by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: a Gordian knot of roots and hyphae. Mycorrhiza, 30(2–3): 299–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00949-9.

Renwick, L. L. R., Kimaro, A. A., Hafner, J. M., Rosenstock, T. S., & Gaudin, A. C. M. 2020. Maize-Pigeonpea Intercropping Outperforms Monocultures Under Drought. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.562663.

Ruswandi, D., Supriatna, J., Rostini, N., & Suryadi, E. 2016. Assessment of sweetcorn hybrids under sweetcorn/chilli pepper intercropping in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Agronomy, 15(3): 94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2016.94.103.

Santangeli, M., Steininger-Mairinger, T., Vetterlein, D., Hann, S., & Oburger, E. 2024. Maize (Zea mays L.) root exudation profiles change in quality and quantity during plant development – A field study. Plant Science, 338(July 2023): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111896.

Sevirasari, N. 2021. Pengaruh Model Tanam Serta Aplikasi Agens Hayati. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Sevirasari, N., Sulistyaningsih, E., Kurniasih, B., Suryanti, S., Wibowo, A., & Joko, T. 2022. Effects of relay intercropping model and application of biological agents on the growth and yield of hot pepper. Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science),7(1): 35–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.69078.

Shang, J., Liu, B., & Xu, Z. 2020. Efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum TC01 against anthracnose and growth promotion of Camellia sinensis seedlings. Biological Control,143(September 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104205.

Siboro, S. P., Astuti, R., & Siregar, T. H. 2023. Analysis of Red Chilli and Cor Intercropping Farming Business With Estimated Land Use Ratio in Panji Porsea Village, Sitinjo District, Dairi District. International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research and Technology (IJSET),2(10): 695–703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v2i10.249.

Sinaga, W. V. 2023. Analisis Perbandingan Usahatani Antara Pola Tanam Polikultur Jagung dan Cabai Merah Dengan Monokultur Jagung di Desa Sinaman Pematang Kecamatan Dolog Masagal”. In Universitas Medan Area. Retrieved from: <https://repositori.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/20309>.

Smith HA, & McSorley R. 2000. Potential of field corn as a barrier crop and eggplants as a trap crop for management of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) on common bean in North Florida. Florida Entomologist, 2(83): 145–155.

Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., & Naranjani, L. 2012. Evaluation the benefits of different berseem clover cultivars and forage corn intercropping in different levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1): 599–601.

Sun, C., Wang, D., Shen, X., Li, C., Liu, J., Lan, T., Wang, W., Xie, H., & Zhang, Y. 2020. Effects of biochar, compost and straw input on root exudation of maize (Zea mays L.):From function to morphology. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,297,106952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106952.

Thaha, A. R., Umrah, U., Asrul, A., Rahim, A., Fajra, F., & Nurzakia, N. 2020. The role of local isolates of Trichoderma sp. as a decomposer in the substrate of cacao pod rind (Theobroma cacao L.). AIMS Agriculture and Food, 5(4): 825–834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2020.4.825.

Toker, P., Canci, H., Turhan, I., Isci, A., Scherzinger, M., Kordrostami, M., & Yol, E. 2024. The advantages of intercropping to improve productivity in food and forage production–a review. Plant Production Science, 27(3): 155–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2024.2372878.

Wahla, I. H., Ahmad, R., Ehsanullah, Ahmad, A., & Jabbar, A. 2009. Competitive functions of components crops in some barley based intercropping systems. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11(1): 69–72.

Wang, M., Wu, C., Cheng, Z., Meng, H., Zhang, M., & Zhang, H. 2014. Soil chemical property changes in eggplant/garlic relay intercropping systems under continuous cropping. PLoS ONE, 9(10): 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111040.

Waweru, B. W., Rukundo, P., Kilalo, D. C., Miano, D. W., & Kimenju, J. W. 2021. Effect of border crops and intercropping on aphid infestation and the associated viral diseases in hot pepper (Capsicum sp.). Crop Protection, 145: 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105623.

Yanti, Y., Astuti, F. F., Habazar, T., & Nasution, C. R. 2017. Screening of rhizobacteria from rhizosphere of healthy chili to control bacterial wilt disease and to promote growth and yield of chili. Biodiversitas, 18(1): 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180101.

Yanti, Y., Hamid, H., Reflin, Warnita, & Habazar, T. 2020. The ability of indigenous bacillus spp. Consortia to control the anthracnose disease (colletrotricum capsici) and increase the growth of chili plants. Biodiversitas, 21(1): 179–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210123.

Yilmaz, Ş., Atak, M., & Erayman, M. 2008. Identification of advantages of maize-legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the east mediterranean region. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(2): 111–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0708-33.

Zhang, X., Li, H., Li, M., Wen, G., & Hu, Z. 2019. Influence of individual and combined application of biochar, Bacillus megaterium, and phosphatase on phosphorus availability in calcareous soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(11): 3688–3698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02338-y.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/veg.101401