Intervensi cookies ikan gabus apel (Igapel) terhadap asupan makronutrien dan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.108064

Hanan Hanan(1), Annasari Mustafa(2*), Fifi Luthfiyah(3), Etik Sulistyowati(4)

(1) Pendidikan Sarjana Terapan Gizi dan Dietetik, Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Malang / Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah dr. Sayidiman Magetan, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
(2) Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
(3) Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
(4) Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Igapel snakehead fish and apple cookies intervention on macronutrient intake and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Nutritional innovations, such as cookies made from snakehead fish and Rome Beauty apples, may support nutritional management in patients with DM. The protein content in snakehead fish is known to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme, while apple fiber slows the rate of blood glucose absorption. 

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of snakehead fish and apple cookies on energy, macronutrient, and fiber intake, as well as random blood glucose levels, in patients with type 2 DM at Dr. Sayidiman Hospital, Magetan, East Java Province, Indonesia.

Methods: The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design and a pre-posttest control-group model. A total of 32 respondents were selected through purposive sampling techniques and divided into intervention groups and control groups. Cookies were given twice a day for three days. Data were analyzed using JASP software.

Results: The paired t-test showed significant increases in energy and macronutrient intake, and in fiber intake (p < 0.001), as well as a significant decrease in random blood glucose levels (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the results of the independent t-test indicated a significant difference in post-intervention random blood sugar levels between groups (p=0.002).

Conclusions:  Snakehead fish and apple cookies significantly increase nutrient intake while helping to control random blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 DM.


Keywords


blood glucose; cookies; diabetes mellitus; nutrient intake

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2021.
  2. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2023.
  3. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Magetan. Statistik kesehatan 2021–2022. Magetan: BPS; 2024.
  4. RSUD dr. Sayidiman Magetan. Laporan data pasien rawat inap 2024. Magetan: RSUD Sayidiman; 2024.
  5. Suiraoka IPG. Ilmu kedokteran pencegahan dan komunitas. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press; 2012.
  6. Ampofo AG, Boateng EB. Beyond 2020: Modelling obesity and diabetes prevalence. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;167:108362. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108362
  7. Paruntu D.R, et al. Gizi dan dietetik. Jakarta: EGC; 2018.
  8. Nitzke D, Czermainski J, Rosa C, Coghetto C, Fernandes SA, Carteri RB. Increasing dietary fiber intake for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: a systematic review. World J Diabetes. 2024;15(5):1001-1010. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.1001
  9. World Health Organization. Healthy diet: fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
  10. Giuntini EB, Sardá FAH, de Menezes EW. The effects of soluble dietary fibers on glycemic response: an overview and futures perspectives. Foods. 2022;11(23):3934. doi: 10.3390/foods11233934
  11. Zakiyah FF, Indrawati V, Sulandjari S, Pratama SA. Asupan karbohidrat, serat, dan vitamin D dengan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien rawat inap diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2023;20(1):21–28. doi: 10.22146/ijcn.83275
  12. Mensink M. Dietary protein, amino acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a short review. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1445981. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1445981
  13. Na’imah F, Putriningtyas ND. Kadar B-karoten, serat, protein, dan sifat organoleptik snack bar labu kuning dan kacang merah sebagai makanan selingan bagi pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Indonesian Journal of Public Health and Nutrition. 2021;1(3):563–570.
  14. Prastari C, Yasni S, Nurilmala M. Characterization of snakehead fish protein that’s potential as antihyperglikemik. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 2017;20(2):413.
  15. Agustin V, Husni A, Putra MMP. Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate from snakehead fish (Channa striata) viscera obtained by enzymatic process. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. 2021;919(1):012046. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012046
  16. Yuda HT. Studi kasus penerapan pemberian jus apel romebeauty untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di wilayah kerja puskesmas Sempor I. Laporan Penelitian. Gombong: Universitas Muhammadiyah Gombong; 2018.
  17. Muhith A, Setyowati I. Pemberian buah apel Rome Beauty terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes melitus. Medica Majapahit. 2014;6(2).
  18. Soniyah F, Fauziyah M. Efektivitas ekstrak ikan gabus sebagai antihiperglikemik. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional. 2020;2(1):65-70.
  19. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman pelayanan gizi rumah sakit. Jakarta: Direktorat Gizi Kemenkes RI; 2019.
  20. Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Higgins KA, Jacobs AG, Mattes RD, et al. The macronutrients, appetite, and energy intake. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:73-103. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624
  21. Hazari A. Data analysis: descriptive and analytical statistics. In: Research Methodology for Allied Health Professionals. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023.
  22. Na-Ek N, Srithong J, Aonkhum A, Boonsom S, Charoen P, Demakakos P. Educational level as a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Caution from triangulation of observational and genetic evidence. Acta Diabetol. 2022 Jan;59(1):127-135. doi: 10.1007/s00592-021-01795-7
  23. Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Leto G, Mastrolorenzo E, Para O, Giordano M. Influence of gender in diabetes mellitus and its complication. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):8850. doi: 10.3390/ijms23168850
  24. Mardiah A, Sitanggang AB, Nurilmala M, Yasni S. A study on the functional properties of bioactive peptides derived from snakehead fish (Channa striata). BIO Web of Conferences. 2025;169:04002. doi: 10.1051/bioconf/202516904002
  25. Yanagisawa Y. How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion. Physiol Rep. 2023;11(2):e15577. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15577
  26. Mézes M, Erdélyi M. Az élelmiszerek rosttartalmának antioxidáns hatása [Antioxidant effect of the fibre content of foods]. Orv Hetil. 201;159(18):709-712. Hungarian. doi: 10.1556/650.2018.30953
  27. Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Ziani K, Mititelu M, Oprea E, Neacșu SM, Negrei C, et al. Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2641. doi: 10.3390/nu14132641
  28. Dewita, Desmelati, Sidauruk SW, Hidayat T. Isolation and characterization of snakehead fish meal extract with fresh, boiled, and steamed treatments and its potential for health drinks and immunomodulators. Pharmacogn J. 2022;14:532–6. doi: 10.5530/pj.2022.14.131
  29. Feng S, Yi J, Li X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Bi J, et al. Systematic review of phenolic compounds in apple fruits: compositions, distribution, absorption, metabolism, and processing stability. J Agric Food Chem. 2021;69(1):7-27. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05481
  30. Cao W, Guan S, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Mst Nushrat Y, Hua X, et al. The digestive behavior of pectin in human gastrointestinal tract: a review on fermentation characteristics and degradation mechanism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(33):12500-12523. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2253547
  31. Zahra M, Abrahamse H, George BP. Flavonoids: antioxidant powerhouses and their role in nanomedicine. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13(8):922. doi: 10.3390/antiox13080922
  32. Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, Chiuve SE, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(4):411-422. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.047
  33. Mustafa A, Khoirunnisa AA, Rahman N. Effect of giving snakehead fish extract (channa striata) on albumin levels, neutrophil, and lymphocyte in hypoalbuminemia patients. Journal of Local Therapy. 2022;1(2):56-62. doi: 10.31290/jlt.v1i2.3457
  34. Amran M, Siregar AS, Nilawati NS. Pengaruh sereal instan povita (ubi jalar ungu dan kacang hijau) pada penurunan glukosa darah. JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang). 2024;19(2):212-9. doi: 10.36086/jpp.v19i2.2421
  35. ’Ainunni’mah N, Muhlishoh NL, Sofyan A. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of functional cookies based on brown rice flour and Moringa leaf for diabetes mellitus. Journal of Food and Agricultural Product. 2026;6(1):1-15. doi: 10.32585/jfap.v6i1.7326
  36. Indrawati I, Maimaznah M. Pengaruh konsumsi tempe terhadap kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes melitus di kelompok senam ibu-ibu di Kelurahan Talang Banjar Jambi. Jurnal Akademika Baiturrahim Jambi. 2020;9(1):110-4.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.108064

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 0 | views : 0

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats