Urban-rural differences in plant and animal-based food intake among Indonesian adolescent girls: evidence from the 2014 Individual Food Consumption Survey

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.113642

Febiani Riskika(1*), Dodik Briawan(2), Ikeu Tanziha(3), Ummu Aiman(4), Linda Ayu Rizka Putri(5), Siti Ika Fitrasyah(6), Husnul Khatimah(7), Abdul Fandir(8)

(1) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(2) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
(3) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
(4) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(5) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(6) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(7) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(8) Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Background: Adolescence is a critical period of rapid growth requiring adequate and balanced nutrition. Early adolescence (10–12 years) represents an important window before menarche, during which optimal dietary intake supports growth and the accumulation of nutrient reserves. In Indonesia, differences in food access and socioeconomic conditions between rural and urban areas may contribute to disparities in adolescent dietary patterns.

Objective: This study aimed to compare plant and animal-based food consumption between rural and urban adolescent girls aged 10–12 years in Indonesia using nationally representative data.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from the 2014 Indonesian Individual Food Consumption Survey (IFCS), part of the Total Diet Study conducted by the Ministry of Health. A total of 4,577 adolescent girls aged 10–12 years were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a single 24-hour recall and classified into plant-based (cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits) and animal-based (meat, fish, eggs, offal) food groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U test.

Results: Urban girls consumed higher amounts of animal-based foods, particularly meat and eggs, whereas rural girls consumed more tubers and vegetables. However, several nutrient-dense food groups had a median intake of 0 g/day in both areas, indicating that more than half of respondents did not consume these foods on the recall day, while fruit intake was low across both settings.

Conclusions: Urban–rural disparities in dietary patterns reflect unequal access to diverse and nutrient-rich foods. Strengthening school-based nutrition programs and adolescent-focused dietary strategies, particularly in rural areas, may help improve diet quality and reduce nutritional inequalities.


Keywords


adolescents; animal-based foods; dietary pattern; plant-based foods

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Das JK, Salam RA, Thornburg KL, Prentice AM, Campisi S, Lassi ZS, et al. Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1393(1):21–33. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13330
  2. Moore Heslin A, McNulty B. Adolescent nutrition and health: characteristics, risk factors and opportunities of an overlooked life stage. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2023;82(2):142–56. doi: 10.1017/S0029665123002689
  3. Akseer N, Al‐Gashm S, Mehta S, Mokdad A, Bhutta ZA. Global and regional trends in the nutritional status of young people: a critical and neglected age group. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1393(1):3–20. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13336
  4. Rachmi CN, Jusril H, Ariawan I, Beal T, Sutrisna A. Eating behaviour of Indonesian adolescents: a systematic review of the literature. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(S2):s84–97. doi: 10.1017/S1368980020002876
  5. Khusun H. Compressed modernization and nutrition transition: implications for diet quality and disease prevalence in Southeast Asia. In book: Global Perspective on the Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Health; 2025. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1010887
  6. Ameye H. Dietary quality in rural areas, secondary towns, and cities: Insights from Tanzania. Food Sec. 2023;15(6):1563–84. doi: 10.1007/s12571-023-01399-9
  7. Paulo LS, Lenters VC, Chillo P, Wanjohi M, Piedade GJ, Mende DR, et al. Dietary patterns in Tanzania’s transitioning rural and urban areas. J Health Popul Nutr. 2025;44(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-00774-w
  8. Alam N, Roy SK, Ahmed T, Ahmed AS. Nutritional status, dietary intake, and relevant knowledge of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2010;28(1):86–94. doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v28i1.4527
  9. Christian P, Smith ER. Adolescent undernutrition: global burden, physiology, and nutritional risks. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(4):316–28. doi: 10.1159/000488865
  10. Soliman AT, Alaaraj N, Noor Hamed, Alyafei F, Ahmed S, Shaat M, et al. Review nutritional interventions during adolescence and their possible effects. Acta Biomed. 2022;93(1):e2022087. doi: 10.23750/abm.v93i1.12789
  11. Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. The Lancet. 2022;399(10320):172–84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01590-7
  12. Nurwanti E, Hadi H, Chang J-S, Chao JC-J, Paramashanti BA, Gittelsohn J, et al. Rural–urban differences in dietary behavior and obesity: results of the Riskesdas study in 10–18-year-old Indonesian children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2813. DOI: 10.3390/nu11112813
  13. Insani PNC, Rimbawan R, Palupi E. Dietary habits and nutritional status among school children in rural and urban areas: A comparative study from Bogor, Indonesia. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society. 2018;6(2):55–66.
  14. Kosaka S, Suda K, Gunawan B, Raksanagara A, Watanabe C, Umezaki M. Urban-rural difference in the determinants of dietary and energy intake patterns: a case study in West Java, Indonesia. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197626. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197626
  15. Sistia F, Khusun H, Februhartanty J. Plant protein consumption is associated with body mass index among women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1243635. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1243635
  16. Hidayah RN, Nuradhiani A, Bohari B. The relationship between dietary patterns and the incidence of overweight among adolescents. Journal of Health and Nutrition Research. 2024;3(2):111–20. doi: 10.56303/jhnresearch.v3i2.256
  17. Kahsay A, Gebregziabher H, Hadush Z, Yemane D, Hailemariam A, Mulugeta A. Exploration of barriers to the uptake of nutritional services among adolescent girls from the rural communities of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: a qualitative study. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2020;11:157–71. doi: 10.2147/AHMT.S276459
  18. Kumarapeli V, Athauda T. A comparison of the dietary pattern of adolescent schoolgirls in two defined urban and rural settings. Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka. 2004;9(1):13. doi: 10.4038/jccpsl.v9i1.8275
  19. de Lanerolle-Dias M, Lanerolle P, Atukorala S, de Silva A. Urbanisation, dietary patterns and body composition changes in adolescent girls: a descriptive cross sectional study. BMC Nutr. 2015;1:30. DOI: 10.1186/s40795-015-0027-5
  20. Yu D, Zhao L, Zhao W. Status and trends in consumption of grains and dietary fiber among Chinese adults (1982-2015). Nutr Rev. 2020;78(Suppl 1):43–53. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz075
  21. Salvador Castell G, Serra-Majem L, Ribas-Barba L. What and how much do we eat? 24-hour dietary recall method. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31 Suppl 3:46–8. doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup3.8750
  22. Neufeld LM, Andrade EB, Ballonoff Suleiman A, Barker M, Beal T, Blum LS, et al. Food choice in transition: adolescent autonomy, agency, and the food environment. The Lancet. 2022;399(10320):185–97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01687-1
  23. Nurhasan M, Ariesta DL, Utami MMH, Fahim M, Aprillyana N, Maulana AM, et al. Dietary transitions in Indonesia: the case of urban, rural, and forested areas. Food Secur. 2024;16(6):1313–31. doi: 10.1007/s12571-024-01488-3
  24. Anindita R, Khoiriyah N, Sa’diyah AA. Food consumption pattern Far Away From Home as a source of household food protein in Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1107(1):012118. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012118
  25. Khusun H, Februhartanty J, Anggraini R, Mognard E, Alem Y, Noor MI, et al. Animal and plant protein food sources in Indonesia differ across socio-demographic groups: socio-cultural research in protein transition in Indonesia and Malaysia. Front Nutr. 2022;9:762459. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.762459
  26. Baker P, Machado P, Santos T, Sievert K, Backholer K, Hadjikakou M, et al. Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. Obes Rev. 2020;21(12):e13126. doi: 10.1111/obr.13126
  27. Lowe C, Kelly M, Sarma H, Richardson A, Kurscheid JM, Laksono B, et al. The double burden of malnutrition and dietary patterns in rural Central Java, Indonesia. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;14:100205. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100205
  28. Gibson E, Stacey N, Sunderland TCH, Adhuri DS. Young MF, editor. Dietary diversity and fish consumption of mothers and their children in fisher households in Komodo District, eastern Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0230777. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230777
  29. Keats EC, Rappaport AI, Shah S, Oh C, Jain R, Bhutta ZA. The dietary intake and practices of adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1978. doi: 10.3390/nu10121978
  30. Ong ZPJ, Ng AK, Majid HA. A scoping review of dietary intake among young adults in low- and middle-income countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2025;37(4):347–60. doi: 10.1177/10105395251332804
  31. Musfira M, Hadju V. Nutrition and dietary intake of adolescent girls in Indonesia: a systematic review. Scripta Medica. 2024;55(4):473–87. doi: 10.5937/scriptamed55-49461
  32. World Health Organization. Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. [series online] 2011 [cited 2025 Juni 29]. Available form: URL: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/205656
  33. Boeing H, Bechthold A, Bub A, Ellinger S, Haller D, Kroke A, et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(6):637–63. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y
  34. Gewa CA, Onyango AC, Obondo Angano F, Stabile B, Komwa M, Thomas P, et al. Mothers’ beliefs about indigenous and traditional food affordability, availability and taste are significant predictors of indigenous and traditional food consumption among mothers and young children in rural Kenya. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(16):2950–61. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019001848
  35. Oyet SM, Kaahwa RM, Muggaga C, Ongeng D, Okello-Uma I. Household dietary diversity and associated factors in rural and peri-urban areas of Mbale District, Eastern Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):303. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21476-2
  36. Skórska KB, Grajeta H, Zabłocka-Słowińska KA. Frequency of legume consumption related to sociodemographic factors, health status and health-related variables among surveyed adults from Poland. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(7):1895–905. doi: 10.1017/S1368980020002116
  37. Semba RD, Rahman N, Du S, Ramsing R, Sullivan V, Nussbaumer E, et al. Patterns of legume purchases and consumption in the United States. Front Nutr. 2021;8:732237. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.732237
  38. Cristine Pessoa M, Loures Mendes L, Teixeira Caiaffa W, Carvalho Malta D, Velásquez-Meléndez G. Availability of food stores and consumption of fruit, legumes and vegetables in a Brazilian urban area. Nutr Hosp. 2014;31(3):1438–43. doi: 10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8245
  39. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Jakarta: Kemenkes; 2018.
  40. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) 2013. Jakarta: Kemenkes; 2013.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.113642

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 0 | views : 0

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats