THE EFFECTS OF PYRACLOSTROBIN APPLICATION ON CURLY RED CHILI GROWTH (Capsicum annum L.)

Arizal Nur Hardiansyah, Endang Sulistyaningsih, 
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, 
Gadjah Mada University
		
Email: arizalhardiansyah@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT

Curly red chili is one of vegetable commodities in Indonesia used for seasoning of home cuisine, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry. Curly red chili cultivation needs fungicide to prevent from fungal disease. Pyraclostrobin is a fungicide that can overcome fungal attack and improve the plant growth. The research was conducted to study the effectiveness of pyraclostrobin application on vegetative growth of curly red chili plant. This was done in farmer’s land in Kemiriombo Village, Dukun Sub District, Muntilan District, Magelang Regency from December 2013 until June 2014. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with single factor. Pyraclostrobin was applied in various dosages; 1.5 kg ha-1 / 2 times of application; 1.5 kg ha-1 / 3 times of application; 1.5 kg ha-1 / 4 times of application; 3 kg ha-1 / 2 times of application; 3 kg ha-1 / 3 times of application; 3 kg ha-1 / 4 times of application; and control (0 kg ha-1) in 3 replications for each treatment. The data was analyzed with variance α= 5 % and continued by orthogonal contrast test. Significant differences were observed to the dry weights of root, stem, leaf and total yield at 12 weeks after planting, the flower number at 9-11 week after planted, 14 week after planted, and 18-21 week after planted, and the fruits number at 10-12 week after planted, 15, and 16 week after planted. IAA content increased by application of pyraclostrobin at all the dosages given. The flower and fruit number were influenced by the increase of IAA content in plant tissue, but did not effect on the production of curly red chili.

Keywords: curly red chili, dosage, frequency, pyraclostrobin. 

1.	INTRODUCTION
Indonesia uses curly red chili for food seasoning, food seasoning industry, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry (Nurfalach, 2010). The consumption demand of curly red chili is increasing every year while the crop production of curly red chili is fluctuating. Curly red chili crop production from year 2003-2013 has lowest curly red chili production for 10.67 ton ha-1 in 2003 and 10.58 ton ha-1 in 2005 whereas the highest crop production reaches for 17.26 ton ha-1 in 2013 (BPS, 2013).
Cultivating curly red chili needs optimal protection since curly red chili plant is susceptive to fungal disease (Pracaya, 2010). Commonly fungicide is applied to protect chili plant from fungal diseases. There are two kinds of the fungicides. First is contact fungicide which the fungicide is taken up into plant tissue, and second is systemic fungicide which the fungicide is taken up and distributed on xylem vessels (Ekinci & Senturk, 2010). Considering some problems that occure in curly red chili plant, it is necessary to conduct research to overcome the fungal disease. One of fungicide applications that known able to improve the physiological plants activity, increase the amount of flowers and fruits is pyraclostrobin. Pyraclostrobin is emulsion systemic fungicide that can be dissolved in water. Venancio et al. (2003), reported that the pyraclostrobin is used as fungicide and also as plant growth regulator. Pyraclostrobin accelerates the metabolic activity that plants grow more vigor. Additionally, pyraclostrobin also induces resistance to various biotic and abiotic environmental stresses, such as low temperature, high temperature, salinity, drought, and disease.
The application of pyraclostrobin in soybean could increase the amount of carbon assimilation, nitrogen, photo assimilate division, and grain quality (Ribeiro et al., 2014). According to Zhang et al. (2010), the wheat crop that applied by pyraclostrobin could postpone the senescence and increased the grain yield. It retarded the increase of oxygen reactive and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes during senescence periode. The effects of aging postpone is pyraclostrobin inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene, and stimulates the biosynthesis of IAA higher. Venancio et al. (2003) reported that pyraclostrobin has ability to stimulate the synthesis of IAA precursor, L-tryptophan, that impact the leaves more durable (Venancio et al., 2003). Other studies reported that soybean seed treatment with pyraclostrobin could increase the yield of soybean seeds by 16% when compared to control (Monsanto, 2012). Based on some studies, reported that pyraclostrobin has positive impact on same plants, but the effect of this compound on curly red chili has not reported yet. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of pyraclostrobin on crop yields curly red chili.
2.	RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in farmer’s land, Kemiriombo Village, Dukun Sub District, Muntilan District, Magelang Regency from December 2013 to June 2014. Curly red chili Kaka variety 99 was used as plant matinal. This research used the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor with dosage pyraclostrobin (PC) and the treatments as follow:
P0	: Control (0 kg ha-1)
P1	: PC 1.5 kg ha-1 / application 2x
P2	: PC 1.5 kg ha-1 / application 3x
P3	: PC 1.5 kg ha-1 / application 4x
P4	: PC 3 kg ha-1 / application 2x
P5	: PC 3 kg ha-1 /application 3x
P6	: PC 3 kg ha-1 / application 4x
Each treatment was replicated in 3 blocks. The observed data were analyzed by orthogonal contrast test. The data were tested for:
1.	Treatment (P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6) vs control (P0)
2.	Dosage 1.5 kg/ha (P1,P2,P3) vs Dosage 3 kg/ha (P4,P5,P6)
3.	RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Net assimilation rate illustrates the ability of plants to produce dry ingredients result of assimilation per unit of leaf area per unit time. Table 1 shows the spraying of fungicide did not affect net assimilation rate curly red pepper plants at the age of 0-6 weeks after planting with the provision of treatment and dose control pyraclostrobin with 1.5 kg ha-1 to 3 kg ha-1.
Table 1.The net assimilation rate curly red chili plant in age of 6 week after planted and 12 weeks after planted (wap).  
Treatment	Group	Net assimilation red ( 10-4 g/cm2/weeks)	
	Comparison	0-6 wap	6-12 wap	
Pyraclostrobin	1			
- Control		10.4 a	  8.7 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		11.5 a	10.2 a	
Dose	2			
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		11.7 a	11.4 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		11.4 a	  9.1 b	
CV	9.64	19.53	
 Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%
Curly red chili peppers on the plant ages 6-12 weeks after crops were given treatment pyraclostrobin are significantly different at a dose of 1.5 kg ha-1 significantly larger than the dose of 3 kg ha-1.
Plant dry weight is the net results of the assimilation of CO2 accumulation during the life cycle of plants. The result indicated no any significanly differents in dry weigh of root, steam, leaf, and total curly red chili with the application of pyraclostrobin compared to the ones with no application of pyraclostrobin (control), and between dosage of pyraclostrobin 1.5 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1 plant age 6 week after planted (Table 2). Pyracrostrobin treatment influenced no significantly toward dry weigh of chili when entered in the first of vegetative phase.  

Table 2.Dry weigh of root, steam, leaf, and total on curly red chili plant age 6 weeks after planted
Treatment	Group	Dry Weight (g)	
	Comparison	Root	Stem	Leaf	Total	
Pyraclostrobin	1		
- Control		0.45 a	1.35 a	1.19 a	2.99 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		0.56 a	1.85 a	1.66 a	4.07 a	
Dose	2		
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		0.50 a	1.76 a	1.57 a	3.83 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		0.62 a	1.94 a	1.75 a	4.31 a	
CV	 	16.97(1)	20.03(1)	18.97(1)	18.36(1)	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%; (1) = transformation 
Table 3.Dry weigh of root, steam, leaf, and total on curly red chili plant age 12 weeks after planted 
Treatment	Group	Dry Weight (g)	
	Comparison	Root	Stem	Leaf	Total	
Pyraclostrobin	1	 	
- Control		1.01 b	7.18 b	1.83 b	11.37 b	
- Pyraclostrobin		1.78 a	10.36 a	3.05 a	17.25 a	
Dose	2		
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		1.89 a	10.82 a	3.09 a	18.13 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		1.67 b	9.89 b	3.01 b	16.37 b	
CV	15.6(1)	17.18(1)	18.56(1)	15.23(1)	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%; (1) = transformation 
The results indicated that significantly differents in dry weight of root, stem, leaf, and total curly red chili with the application of pyraclostrobin gave heavier than those of in control and the dosage of pyraclostrobin 1.5 kg ha-1 resulted lighter dry weight root, stem, leaf, and total than those of in the dosage pyraclostrobin 3 kg ha-1 plant age 6 week after planted (Table 3). It showed that pyraclostrobin treatment could increase the metabolic activity of curly red chili plant, resulting in the high formation assimilates.
Table 4.Dry weigh of root, steam, leaf, and total on curly red chili plant age 23 weeks after planted 
Treatment	Group	Dry Weight (g)	
	Comparison	Root	Stem	Total 	
Pyraclostrobin	1	 	
- Control		3.73 a	23.77 a	28.17 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		2.24 a	18.10 a	25.77 a	
Dose	2		
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		3.78 a	25.80 a	30.24 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		3.77 a	21.75 a	27.09 a	
CV	18.55(1)	19.17(1)	19.28(1)	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%; (1) = transformation 

The result indicated no any significanly differents in dry weigh of root, steam, leaf, and total curly red chili with the application of pyraclostrobin compared to the ones with no application of pyraclostrobin (control), and between dosage of pyraclostrobin 1.5 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1 plant age 23 week after planted (Table 4). 
The lowest value in treatment of dose of 1.5 kg ha-1 with the application 4x (15, 30, 60, and 90 days after planting), while the highest value found in the treatment of dose of 3 kg ha-1 with 4x applications (16, 30, 60, and 90 days after planting). The application of pyraclostrobin to curly red chili can increase IAA composition into plant (Figure 1). 

SE= 0.435

Figure 1. IAA content in the leaves
	According to Venancio et al. (2003) pyraclostrobin has the ability to stimulate the synthesis of IAA precursor, L-tryptophan. The conditions resulted in IAA accumulation in plant tissues by pyraclostrobin. It suggested that the application of pyraclostrobin increases the content of IAA. If IAA content is high, the auxin level will increase that stimulated the optimal growth and formation of flowers and fruit ripening increasing.
The results indicated significant more than the numbers of flower after pyraclostrobin application on curly red chili plants compared to control (age of flowering 9-11, 14, and 18-21 weeks after planted). The dosage of pyraclostrobin of 1.5 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1 do not have effect to the numbers of flower (Table 5). Enhancement of curly red chili flower amount be expected cause of pyracrostrobin treatment effect that capable to increasment auxin hormone composition (IAA) and obstruct ACC-synthase formation that has function for forming of ethylene hormone. If growth hormone and inhibitors hormone  has high value, accordingly the plant can defer senescene preponderant. 
The results indicated significantly amounts of the fruits of curly red chili increased after the application of pyraclostrobin compared to control (plant age 10-12, 15, and 16 week after planted), and between the dosage of pyraclostrobin 3 kg ha-1 significantly increased the number of fruits compared to the application in dosage of 1.5 kg ha-1 (plant age 10 week after planted) (Table 6). Giving pyraclotrobin can increase to curly red chili fruit amount.

Table 5. Amount of flower of curly red chili
Treatment	Group	Amount flower (%) (Week)	Total	
	Comparison	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21		
Pyraclostrobin	1	 												
- Control		9 b	11 b	14 b	24 a	25 a	19 b	27 a	26 a	26 a	18 b	18 b	12 b	7 b	380 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		22 a	23 a	21 a	26 a	26 a	30 a	31 a	32 a	32 a	30 a	30 a	24 a	14 a	439 a	
Dose	2													
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		26  a	25 a	24 a	29 a	29 a	34 a	32 a	34 a	34 a	33 a	33 a	24 a	15 a	453 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		25 a	24 a	21 a	26 a	25 a	29 a	29 a	33 a	33 a	28 a	26 a	23 a	13 a	434 a	
CV	19.64	18.32	17.33	13.06	17.53	12.99	13.29	19.21	19.21	16.69	16.69	12.35	14.05	13.78	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%
Table 6. Amount of fruit of curly red chili
Treatment	Group	Amount fruit (%) (Week)	Total	
	Comparison	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22		
Pyraclostrobin	1	 												
- Control		7 b	8 b	10 b	16 a	18 a	13 b	13 b	23 a	23 a	19 a	19 a	15 a	9 a	256 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		14 a	16 a	16 a	19 a	20 a	22 a	18 a	25 a	25 a	23 a	23 a	17 a	11 a	272 a	
Dose	2													
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		13 a	16 a	17 a	19 a	19 a	20 a	17 a	20 a	20 a	24 a	23 a	16 a	10 a	253 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		16 a	16 a	18 a	21 a	22 a	23 a	19 a	23 a	23 a	26 a	26 a	19 a	12 a	262 a	
CV	15.33	12.10	18.92	16.46	19.43	13.81	13.89	15.14	15.14	14.07	14.07	14.13	14.22	13.14	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%

The result indicated that no any significanly differents in production curly red chili. The application of pyraclostrobin compared to the ones with no application of pyraclostrobin (control), and between dosage of pyraclostrobin 1.5 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1 (Table 7). Giving pyraclostrobin did not capalbe to increse curly red chili production.  
 Table 7. Production of curly red chili plant
Treatment	Comparison group	Production chili	
Pyraclostrobin	1		
- Control		8.41 a	
- Pyraclostrobin		10.02 a	
Dose	2		
- Dosage 1.5 kg ha-1		9.91 a	
- Dosage 3 kg ha-1		10.12 a	
CV	18.82(1)	
Remark: Number followed by the same letter in the same columb in each comparison group showed no significant difference by contrasting orthogonal 5%; (1) = transformation 
Giving pyraclostrobin be able to increasement the flower amount and fruit amount in curly red chili, but unable in significantly for increasing production weight of curly red chili. This case be expected from size of curly red chili that be given by pyraclostrobin treatment smaller than control, so production of curly red chili was no significant.
4.	CONCLUSION 
Giving pyraclostrobin with doze 1.5 kg ha-1 was effective toward growth of curly red chili. Treatment that used in curly red chili plant indicated significantly  to age 12 weeeks after planted of dry weigh, flower amount, and fruit amount. 
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