The Analysis of Development Disparities Inter Districts / City in Special Region of Yogyakarta ( DIY ) Province 2003-2013

One of the objectives of regional economic development is to increase the economic sector, in which the increasing of economics sector will be beneficial for society. This indicator is important to recognize the condition of the economy in particular region in given period indicated by GDRP (Gross Domestic Regional Product) data of the region or area. Since the enactment of the autonomy then the local Government has bigger role in managing regional economic potential that exists in its territory. Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development. Economic development in substance aims to increase public welfare. Yogyakarta province is one of cities on the island of Java with the level of GDRP that keeps increasing each year since 2003 until 2013. In the development process there are also regions that have abundant of natural resources but lacking in human resources, and yet there are also regions that are otherwise lacking in terms of natural resources however have abundant in human resources, both in quality and quantity. This situation then leads to the distinction in development that resulted in the economic growth and disparities welfare in each region. The research also aims to identify the patterns of economic growth according to Klassen Typology and describe the level of regional disparities between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province. The methods of analysis used covers analysis of the Klassen Typology, inequality Williamson Index, and inequality Theil Entropy Index. The results showed classifications according to Klassen Typology, Yogyakarta is concluded in the category of advanced and fast growing area. The index disparities show a pattern of increasing. This implies that development in district / cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province are increasingly uneven.


INTRODUCTION
Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development.Economic development in substance aims to improve public welfare.According to Todaro (2000), the main objective of economic development in addition to creating economic growth extended, is also to remove and reduce the level of poverty, income inequality and unemployment rate.
Employment opportunities for residents and communities will provide income to meet their needs.Economic development is defined as a series of businesses in economy to develop its economic activities so that more infrastructures available, companies are increasing and growing, level of education the higher and technology advanced.As the implications of this development is expected to increase job opportunities, rising income levels, and higher level of prosperity (Sukirno, 2006).
Disparities between area are often becomes a serious problem.Some areas achieved significant growth, while some other regions experiencing slow growth.Areas that did not experienced the same progress due to lack of sources.
There is a tendency of the owners of capital (investors) select urban areas or regions which have infrastructure facilities such as transportation, electricity networks, telecommunication networks, banking, insurance, and skilled workers (Barika, 2012).Besides, also there is inequality and redistribution of revenue sharing from the Central Government to regions such as provinces or subdistrict (Kuncoro, 2004).
Therefore, the results of development should be able to be enjoyed by all people as a manifestation of increased prosperity in a fair and equitable way.Development policy is implemented to achieve higher economic growth by utilizing the potential of the existing resources (Noviana, 2014).According to Sukirno (2004), one instrument for measuring economic success an area is its economic growth.The economy in a region will increase from year to year due to the presence of the addition on production factors.
Sutarno and Kuncoro (2003), disparities caused by the concentration of economic activity in spatial.Barika (2012) The disparities between regions also occurred in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province which consists of four districts and one city, namely Kulonprogo district, Bantul district, Gunungkidul district, Sleman district, and the city of Yogyakarta.One indicator of the development success is economic growth can be measured by Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP).The evidence of discrepancy between the district/city can be seen first from the GDRP, population, and GDRP per capita.Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) defined as the quantity of added value produced by all units of business in an area, or the sum of all values goods and services in the end which is in generate by all economic unit in a region.
In the last ten years, GDRP in each district/ city in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province has increased every year (Figure 1).According to Krisnantiya (2014), disparities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province caused by economic growth and unemployment rate.Stiglitz (2013), the increase in inequality was the result of wider spacing between the highest income group with another.
The reason of increasing is the behavior of rent seeking.Rent seeking behavior will be made part of a larger development enjoyed by high income groups so that lower income group will be enjoyed less.
From the comparison between GDRP, population, GDRP per capita above, it can be seen that the comparison numbers between districts/ city from the highest and the lowest is very high.

Economic Growth
Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development.According to Kuncoro (2004:129), economic growth is a process of increasing output per capita in the long term.So the percentage growth of output must be higher from the percentage of addition in population and there is a tendency in the long term that the growth continues.According to (Tarigan, 2007:46), definition of tighter economic growth explains that economic growth must be sourced from internal process of economic activities in the area.Todaro (1994:282) argues that economic growth can be defined as the steady process of productive capacity of economy that increased all the time to produce bigger national/ local income levels (Pirade, 2006:11).Whereas Kuznet, define economic growth as long-term ability to provide variety of economic goods to the com-munity (Suryana, 2000:64).
Economists generally give the same sense about economic growth, namely as the increase in Gross Domestic Product/ Gross National Product (GDP/GNP) without seeing whether the increase is higher or less than the population growth, or is there any change in economy structure or not (Arsyad, 1999).According to Sukirno

The Pattern of Economic Growth
According to Widodo in Masli (2007)

Disparities of Economic Development
Regional economic disparities development is the most common aspect in economic activity of one area.The disparity was essentially caused by differences of deposits of natural resources and demographic conditions in each region.As the result, there were differences of one area to encourage the process of economic development.Therefore, it is not surprising that in each of the countries/areas there is a region that developed and underdeveloped (Safrizal, 2008).

According to Safrizal (1997), Williamson
Index is one of measurement instrument to measure the level of regional disparities which was  Entropi Theil Index as follows (Kuncoro, 2004):

Growth
The results of the census of population rec- This situation is the impact of the earthquake that struck Yogyakarta which took many lives.
Meanwhile, the highest growth rate occurred in 2013 in the amount of 2.44 percent.This means that the government's program to reduce the rate of the population growth has not been entirely successful.

The Yogyakarta Economic Growth Trend
The rate of the DIY economic growth pat-  The Klassen Typology analysis is used to determine the illustration of the structure of the regional economic growth (Table 1) .According to Sjafrizal (2008), the use of this analysis tool can bring up four classifications of the growth in each region which are the rapid growth region, the depressed region, the developing region, and the relatively backward region (Figure 6).
The Rapid Growth Region is a region experiencing the GDP growth rate and per capita income that are higher than the average across the regions.Basically, the region is the most developed area, both on the level of the development and the speed of the economic growth.
Commonly this region is one that has a huge po-tential that has been utilized for the prosperity of the local communities because it is expected that the region will continue to grow in the future.
The depressed region is a relatively developed region but in recent years the rate of the growth is getting slowly as a result of the suppression of the main activities of the region concerned.Therefore, although this region is developing but in the future the growth will not be so fast, despite the potential for the development owned is basically very large.If the value of entropy Theil index is 0, then it shows the perfect evenness and if the index moves further away from 0 then there is a greater inequality.This means that a region which has a higher value of entropy Theil index is categorized as an increasingly unbalanced development (Sjafrizal, 1997: 31).

REFERENCES
, Population growth and investment significantly effect positive on regional disparities.Government through the Law No. 25 of 2004 about National Development Planning System state that national and regional development planning is an activity that carrying out continuous and sustainable following certain patterns based on the results of careful study based on appropriate situation and conditions.Comprehensive and completed development needs to be implemented, so that development goals can be optimally achieved.The capability of each region to build their respective regions is different, since it is influenced by differences in the potential of resources available such as human resources, natural resources, artificial resources as well as social resources.In the development process some areas that have abundant natural resources but less in human resources, on the contrary, there are also regions that less in terms of natural resources but Copyright © 2016, JKAP, p-ISSN 0852-9213, e-ISSN 2477-4693 abound in human resources, both in quality and quantity.This situation causing the differences in development that resulted in economic growth and inequality levels of welfare in each region.
Figure 1.GDRP on the constant price according to districts/ city in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province 2004-2013 (Rp billion).

Figure 2
Figure2shows that there was difference in GDRP per capita which happened in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province.This was evident that the city of Yogyakarta dominates in terms of GDRP per capita.Then in the second position was Sleman district.While, other districts their GDRP per capita much lower than Yogyakarta city and Sleman district.GDRP per

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. GDRP per capita on the Constant Price According to districts/city in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province 2004-2013 (million).Source: Statistic Center of Yogyakarta (analyzed data) (2004), economic growth is the development of economic activities from time to time and causing national real income changed.The occurrence of economic growth cannot be separated from the role of existing sectors in economy.Seeing the sector that provides major role for the economic development of the region, according toGlasson (1997), one way or approach to fashion regional economy is economic base, this model can explain the structure of regional economic sector in two kinds that is base sector and non-base sector.Economic base model are emphasizing on the expansion of exports as the main source of its regional economic growth.According to Kuznet inTodaro (2004), changes in economic structure or the structural transformation characterized by the presence of changes in percentage contributions of various sectors in economic development, that caused by the intensity of human activities and technological advanced.Changes in fundamental structure should include economic transformation in conjunction with social transformation.Understanding of the changing structure of the economy requires an understanding of the concept of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector as well as its Copyright © 2016, JKAP, p-ISSN 0852-9213, e-ISSN 2477-4693 differences.Changes in structure that occurred include changing process from of traditionalbased economy to modern economy, from weak level economy to stronger economy.
originally used by Jeffrey G. Williamson.The calculation of Williamson index is based on GDRP data in each region using the formula.The results of measurements of the index value indicated by the numbers 0, 1 or < VW < 1.If Williamson index getting closer to number 0 then the smaller the difference in economic development can be and if Williamson index getting closer to number 1 then the widening inequality of economic development.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Top DIY PDRB at Constant Prices Year 2000, 2003-2013 (IDR.Trillion) see the economic growth of DIY Province in this study is the GDP at Constant Prices.GRDP constant prices is the sum of the production value or the income or the expenditure assessed on based on the fixed price (the price in the base year) for one year.Figure 3 will explain how the GDP at constant prices from Yogyakarta Province during 2003 to 2013.The trend of the development of the value of GDP during the period 2003-2013 shows an increase every year.In 2003 the DIY GDP amounted IDR. 15, 39 trillion, and then increased to IDR 24, 51 trillion in 2013.During the period 2003-2013, DIY economic performance as measured by the economic growth could grow by an average of 4.72 percent per year.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. DIY Economic Growth 2004-2013 (In percentage) Source: Statistic Center of Yogyakarta (analyzed data) terns during the period of 2004-2013 shows a fairly fluctuate from the level of 4.70 percent in 2004 to 5.40 percent in 2013 (Figure 5) .Although this is still growing positively, but the DIY economy is slowing and is only able to grow 3.70 percent in 2006.This occurred due to the wake of the rising fuel prices in 2005 and the impact of the earthquake that struck Yogyakarta in May 2006 as well.In 2009 the economy is also slowing from 5.03 percent to 4.43 percent.However, by the time, the DIY economy was recovering slowly seen by the economic growth which reached the level of 5.17 percent to 5.40 percent during 2010-2013.The rate of the growth in 2013 became the highest growth levels that can be achieved by DIY during the years 2004-2013.
GDP per capita of each district / city in the province Y'j = The average GRDP per capita in the province JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.20,No 1 May 2016 ----http://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkapThe Classification of Regency/ City in Yogyakarta Province according to the Klassen Typology able to grow rapidly to catch up with the developed regions.The Relatively Backward Region is a region that has the growth rate and per capita income which are lower than the average of the other regions.This means that the level of the prosperity of the society and the level of the economic growth in this region are still relatively low.However, it does not mean that the region will not be able to develop in the future.The region that has a relatively low level of prosperity is still possible to catch up with the development of economic infrastructure, education, and society knowledge.From the results of the classification according to the klassen typology (Figure6), the region which belongs to the category of fast forward and fast growing region is the city of Yogyakarta, while the regions that are lagging behind is Kulonprogo and Gunungkidul Regencies.The remaining regency of Bantul and Sleman enter the fast growing category.The Level of Regional Inequality, Inter District / Municipality in the Province of DIY based on Williamson Index The measurement result by Williamson index values is indicated by the numbers 0 to 1 or 0 <IW <1.If the index Williamson moves approaching 0, it means the smaller the inequality of the economic development.On the other hand, if the index Williamson is getting very close to 1, the greater the imbalance of the economic development.The trend on figure 7 indicates the inequality of the economic development based on the Williamson Index in Yogyakarta province.In the years 2003-2008, the inequality value shows a decreasing trend from 0.42 in 2003 dropped to 0.34 in 2008.It means that the development

Figure 8
Figure 8 shows that the pattern of entropy Theil index tends to increase every year.In 2003 the rate was 0.47 and the increase up to 0.77 in 2013.The figure on the Entropy Theil index indicates that the value is getting away from zero.It means that there is a greater disparity among districts / municipalities in the province of DIY.It concludes that there is a high development gaps among the district / city in the province.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The Development of Entropy Theil Index in Yogyakarta Province in 2003-2013.Source: Statistic Center of Yogyakarta (analyzed data) Aulia Agni Nastiti -The Analysis of Development Disparities Inter Districts/City.....