Essential Oils of Etlingera acanthodes A.D. Poulsen, An Endemic Ginger from Sulawesi Island

Etlingera acanthodes A.D. Poulsen is a ginger endemic to Sulawesi, and there is no research on its essential oils. The Essential oil information of E. acanthodes is the first reported and has a high novelty. The objective of the study is to analyze the component of E. acanthodes essential oils, which are endemic to Sulawesi. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems, flowers, and rhizomes of E. acanthodes A.D. Poulsen. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS method using the Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromato-graph with Auto Sampler. Data analysis of essential oils of GC-MS results were determined based on comparing mass spectra from the NIST 2005 v.2.0 library and Wiley 7 library 2003. The oils of E. acanthodes contain terpenoids, phenolic, steroids, and other compounds. Phenolic compounds (39.56%) pre-dominate in leaves, other compounds (41.25%) on stems, diterpenes hydrocarbons (77.3%) in flowers, and other compounds (43.5%) and steroids (40.4%) on rhizomes. The five main compounds of E. acanthodes are Neophytadiene; (+)- De-O-Methylcentrolobine; Cholest-5-En-3-Ol,23-Ethyl-,(3. Beta.23S)-; 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid, Phenol, 2-ethyl-. The analysis found several compounds that can be used for industry and medicine in the future.

tial oils in the Zingiberaceae family has mostly been carried out in the genus Curcuma and Zingiber. In contrast, the genus Etlingera has not been widely studied. Only Etlingera elatior (Torch Ginger, Kecombrang, or Patikala) essential oils have been analyzed by the GC-MS method (Wong et al. 2010). Also, this species has potential medicine-like antioxidants (Juwita et al. 2018), antibacterial properties (Chan et al. 2011), and anticancer (Krajarng et al. 2017).
Studies on essential oils in other Etlingera species from Sulawesi have not been carried out, one of which is E. acanthodes. In Sulawesi, Poulsen (2012) reported ± 46 Etlingera species and new species (Etlingera tjiasmantoi) was published in 2020 (Ardiyani et al. 2020). Therefore, the Essential oil information of E. acanthodes is the first reported and has a high novelty. The information can also get potential chemical substances such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, and other potencies like other Etlingera species (Ud-Daula & Basher 2019).
Essential oils from plants are commonly used in several industries such as perfume, medicine, food enhancements, and flavors. Essential oils can also be used as aromatherapy, antiseptics, animal feed supplements, and other industrial products (Ribeiro-santos et al. 2017). Zingiberaceae is a family that produces essential oils that have benefits for human life.
The research aims to determine the content of E. acanthodes essential oils in leaves, stems, flowers, and rhizomes. Information on essential oils content in each part of the plant has a different composition. Apart from that, the research also observed the morphological characteristics of E. acanthodes.
Plant materials collected from Mt. Nokilalaki, Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Samples were collected along the climbing route at 1000-2025 m. Fresh samples (leaves, stems, flowers, and rhizomes) were taken to the laboratory to analyze the essential oil components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Also, herbarium specimens were taken for further morphological character analysis. To a certain species, morphological observations were made using living collections in the wild and herbarium specimens (ANG_S_007) and described by Muh. Fajri Ramadhan in Herbarium Celebense. Measurements were made using a ruler and microscope.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to obtain data on essential oils component in E. acanthodes using the Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatograph with Auto Sampler. The specifications for the tools used consist of columns in the form of HP Ultra; column length 30 x 0.25 (mm) I.D x 0.25 (μm) film thickness. E. acanthodes oil was injected into the column using a 0.1 μl GC-MS syringe and carried by helium gas. The column temperature is increased from 80°C (held for 0 minutes) to up to 150°C (held for 1 minute) and ends at 280°C (held for 26 minutes). The mobile phase flow rate is set at 1.2 μ/min, the injector temperature is 250°C, the pressure is 12 kPa, and the injector split ratio is set at 8:1.
Data analysis of essential oil components of GC-MS results is determined based on a comparison of mass spectra from the NIST 2005 v.2.0 library and Wiley 7 library 2003 (Wenqiang et al. 2007;Hossain et al. 2012). The GC-MS analysis result component data were analyzed with the R Stat 3.1.0 software to get the main compounds from each part. Compound grouping based on information on Pubchem NCBI.
There are several exciting compounds to develop their potential in the future. (+)-Alpha-Tocopherol is part of vitamin E (Jilani & Iqbal 2018). E. acanthodes contains Gamma-Sitosterol, which has high antioxidant activity and anti-cancer potency (Ambarwati et al. 2019). (Z)-9tricosene can be used as an effective strategy for housefly management (Kannan et al. 2020). The rhizome of E. acanthodes also contains Stigmasterol which has been documented as immunomodulatory with huge therapeutic potential, immune response, and proposed as candidate for anticancer agents (Antwi et al. 2017;Kangsamaksin et al. 2017). (Z)-9tricosene has been used in several studies as a pheromone for house flies in domo traps (Kannan et al. 2020). Information on the essential oils of E. acanthodes can be used as an initial guide in developing potential in industry and medicine.
Several Etlingera species have been studied and have potential in medicine and bioactivity. Etlingera wingensis has the potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity on its rhizomes, stems, and leaves (Mahdavi et al. 2017). Etlingera punicea rhizome has antimicrobial activity tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Albany, and fungus Candida albicans (Tadtong et al. 2014). Etlingera brevilabrum also has bioactivity as antioxidants and antibacterials (Mahdawi et al. 2016