Updated Species Check-list of the Indonesian Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini)

A catalog provides an index to previous studies in taxonomy, behavioral research, and pollination ecology, thus consolidating the existing knowledge in an accessible format. In this study, we explore the annotated catalog and bibliography of the Indonesian meliponini stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini). The catalog format is arranged based on Rasmussen (2008). All available literature was reviewed for compiling this catalog and bibliography. References to a Meliponini genus only were not included in the list of references. Cited references must have used a trackable specific epithet to have been included. In total, Indonesia has 52 recorded stingless bee species across the Indonesian archipelagoes of Sumatera (27 species), Java (13 species), Nusa Tenggara (1 species), Kalimantan (34 species), Sulawesi (8 species), Bali (1 species), Maluku (4 species), and Papua (12 species). After the data was updated, there was an increase in the number of stingless bee species in Indonesia, namely 46 species (before update) to 52 species (after update). An up-to-date, comprehensive taxonomic and biological catalog is fundamental to any comparative evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral research on any group of organisms.


INTRODUCTION
Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini) are by far the largest group of eusocial bees on Earth, with more than 500 described (Rasmussen & Cameron 2010) and possibly 100 more undescribed species (Michener 2013). They outnumber honeybees in Indonesia by a factor of 50 (Apidae, Apini: 11 species) and make up twice as many species as the known bumble bees (Apidae, Bombini: about 250 species) (Michener exhibit remarkable diversity in their life cycles and taxonomic composition (more than 400 nominate taxa in 32 extant genera) (Camargo 2013).
The shortened wing venation, penicillum (a brush of long setae on the outer, apical side of the hind tibia), and vestige of a sting are several of the characteristics that immediately distinguish Meliponini from other tribes of the subfamily Apinae (Wille 1979(Wille , 1983Michener 1990Michener , 2000. The lack of an auricle on the hind basitarsus distinguishes Meliponini from other corbiculate tribes. The tribe's species exhibit considerable variation in could be omitted size, nesting location, and nest design (Michener 1974;Sakagami 1982). The morphologies of the two female castes, namely, the queen and laborer, differ drastically (Michener 1974;Wille 1979).
Stingless bees are important native plant pollinators in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Heard 1999). They have a wide range of nesting biology ranging from exposed to underground colonies (Camargo & Pedro 2003;Roubik 2006;Rasmussen & Camargo 2008), create sizable perennial colonies with a sophisticated social organization (Michener 2007), and are frequently observed in their natural habitat (Roubik 2006). A current and thorough taxonomic and biological catalog is essential to any comparative evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral investigation of any group of organisms, in addition to a wellcorroborated phylogeny. A catalog offers an index to early research on taxonomy, behavioral science, and pollination ecology, thus condensing the available knowledge to become accessible. Camargo and Pedro recently cataloged the diverse Neotropical fauna (2007: 391 spp.), and a systematic study of the Afrotropical stingless bees involved a fairly exhaustive bibliography (Eardley 2004: 26 spp. incl. Madagascar).  catalog attempts to list the world's stingless bee fauna by treating the remaining Indo-Malayan/Australasian stingless bees (129 proposed species-group names, 89 currently accepted valid species). These methods are anticipated to rekindle scientific interest in this diverse group of bees, together with the recent molecular phylogenies of stingless bees (Rasmussen & Cameron 2007;. The distribution of stingless bees in the Indo-Malay/Australasian region stretches from India to the Solomon Island and from China (Yunnan, Hainan, Taiwan) (Wu 2000) to Australia (New South Wales). Schwarz (1937) suggested that the greater abundance of stingless bees in Thailand and Malaysia, including all of Borneo, is due to the abundance of resin-secreting trees (Dipterocarpaceae) and humid tropical climate, although most likely an array of factors are responsible for this concentration of species. Meliponini research in Indonesia has experienced an ever-diversifying range of interests and methods since the post -Sakagami era (1978) (Grüter 2020). Possible migration of stingless bees since the Paleocene is studied. Papers on Meliponini now span all modern apidology disciplines from taxonomy, evolutionary biology, ecology, ethology, agronomics, and physiology. In this study, we provide the annotated catalog and bibliography of the Indonesian Meliponini stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini) to elaborate on the current progress in meliponinie studies in Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The catalog format is arranged based on  with modification. Subspecies are not recognized in the catalog; instead, genus-group and currently accepted species-group names are arranged alphabetically. Headings for genera-groups are in capital letters, bold, and italic. The list of distributional records is restricted to records could be omitted cited in either taxonomic publications or faunal inventories. The literature has been updated until mid-2022. References are cited within these records, with a total of 109 papers. Most biological data pertaining to Meliponini are listed in the nearly complete stingless bee bibliography by .
All available literature was reviewed for compiling this catalog and bibliography. References to a Meliponini genus only were not included in the list of references. Cited references must have used a trackable specific epithet to have been included. The institutional and collection acronyms used throughout the catalog follow  when possible. For museum acronyms, curators and sources of information concerning the collection are listed in Table 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Distribution of Stingless Bee Species Across the Indonesian Archipelagos
In total, Indonesia has 52 recorded stingless bee species across the Indonesian archipelagos of Sumatera, Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua ( Figure 1). Scattered records and undescribed species are found in collections for the remaining islands of Indonesia (Table 2).     : Smith 1857;Smith 2012;Kahono et al. 2018;Priawandiputra et al. 2020;Herwina et al. 2021.

DISCUSSION
Indonesia has the highest diversity of stingless bee species in Asia (Kahono et al. 2018), but more thorough research on these insects are needed, particularly in terms of the adoption of sustainable meliponiculture systems. The literature has been updated up to mid-2022. References are cited within these records, with a total of 109 papers. Most biological data pertaining to Meliponini are listed in the nearly complete stingless bee bibliography by . This publication provides updated data regarding the annotated catalog and bibliography of the Indonesian Meliponini stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini). First, our study showed 52 recorded stingless bee species across the Indonesian archipelagos. This information adds to the data on the number of stingless bees from a previous publication by Kahono et al. (2018) which recorded 46 species and  which recorded 49 species of stingless bees in Indonesia. Second, this catalog provides up -to-date data regarding the distribution of Indonesian stingless bees. For example, Sulawesi Island is inhabited by three species of stingless bees (Kahono et al. 2018), but by mid-2022 eight stingless bee species had been recorded on the island. Third, there is the addition of data on new species of Indonesian stingless bee that have never been reported in the catalog , namely Heterotrigona paradisaea (Engel & Rasmussen), H. taraxis (Engel & Rasmussen), and H. tricholoma (Engel & Rasmussen). Fourth, in addition to presenting data on the distribution of the Indonesian stingless bees, this catalog provides the type of specimen holding institutions, which would be of value to the reader.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
M.T., searched the literatures and wrote the manuscript, T.A., H.P., and R.U. supervised the processes.