Epilithic Microalgae Isolated from Biofilm on Borobudur Temple Stone

https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.59216

Debora Christin Purbani(1*), Ade Lia Putri(2), Moh. Habibi(3)

(1) Research Center of Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Bogor
(2) Research Center of Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Bogor
(3) Borobudur Conservation Office, Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Borobudur Temple is a historical heritage building located in an open area and made of porous building materials (stone materials). This condition makes the Borobudur Temple susceptible to various problems related to degradation and weathering. Biodeterioration of Borobudur Temple may be caused by activities of living organisms present in the biofilm of stone. Continuous monitoring and evaluation need to be carried out by observing and isolating the growth of micro-organisms, including epilithic microalgae. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and identify epilithic microalgae from the biofilm on Borobudur Temple stones. Epilithic microalgae were isolated to obtain a uni-algae and maintained under culture conditions. The morphological of microalgae were observed using light microscopy, while the 18S rRNA gene sequence determined the molecular identification of microalgae for eukaryotic and 16S rRNA sequence for prokaryotic. A total of nine epilithic microalgae were successfully isolated from the biofilm of Borobudur Temple stones. The isolated were identified as Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Tetraselmis cordiformis, Pseudendoclonium arthropyreniae,  Anabaena cylindrica,  Nostoc gelatinosum, Oscillatoria limnetica, Messastrum gracile, Stigeoclonium aestivale, and Scenedesmus acuminatus. This is the first study for the identification of microalgae from Borobudur temple stones. The isolates will be collected and will be used as a source for further study.


Keywords


16S rRNA gene; 18S rRNA gene; epilithic algal; molecular identification; phylogeny; subaerial

Full Text:

PDF


References

Adhikary, S. P., 2000, Epilithic cyanobacteria on the exposed rocks and walls of temples and monuments of India, Indian Journal of Microbiology 40, 67-81.

Anderson, R. A., 2005, Algal Culturing Techniques, 1st Edition, Elsevier Academic Press Phycological Society of America.

Banindro, B. S., 2017, Borobudur Temple pre and post colonial era, DeKaVe 8(1), 1-10.

Barsanti, L. & Gualtieri, P., 2014, ‘Algal Culturing’, in Algae, pp. 221–266, CRC Press, Italy.

Bertuzzi, S. et al., 2017, Heat shock treatments for the control of lithobionts: A case study with epilithic green microalgae, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 123, 236–243.

Gallego-Cartagena, E. et al., 2020, A comprehensive study of biofilms growing on the built heritage of a Caribbean industrial city in correlation with construction materials, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 123, 236-243.

Garside, P., 2010, 'Cultural heritage microbiology. Fundamental studies in conservation science-seccion III: Textiles', in Cultural Heritage Microbiology. Fundamental Studies in Conservation Science, p. 348, ASM Press, Washington D.C.

Gunarto, H., 2007, Preserving Borobudur’s narrative relief wall of UNESCO Cultural World Heritage, RCAPS Occasional Paper 7(5),1-13.

Javaherdashti, R. et al., 2009, On the impact of algae on accelerating the biodeterioration/biocorrosion of reinforced concrete: A mechanistic review, European Journal of Scientific Research 36, 394-406.

Kaštovský, J. et al., 2019, ‘Algae’, in Biodiversity of Pantepui: The Pristine ‘Lost World’ of the Neotropical Guiana Highlands, pp. 470, Academic Press Elsevier, Cambridge, United States.

Keshari, N. & Adhikary, S. P., 2013, Characterization of cyanobacteria isolated from biofilms on stone monuments at Santiniketan, India, Biofouling 29(5), 25–536.

Khoirunnisa, S. A., Warsono, H. & Suryaningsih, M., 2014, Kinerja pemerintah dalam rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi Kawasan Rawan Bencana ( KRB ) di Kabupaten Magelang [Government performance in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Disaster-Prone Areas (KRB) in Magelang Regency], Journal of Public Policy and Management Review 3(3), 141-149.

Kumar, S. et al., 2018, MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms, Molecular Biology and Evolution 35(6), 1547-1549.

Ma, R. et al., 2008, Identification and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterium isolated from the cloaca of Chinese alligator, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(13), 2128–2133.

Macedo, M. F. et al., 2009, Biodiversity of cyanobacteria and green algae on monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: An overview, Microbiology 155(11), 3476-3490.

Marsh, T. L. & Nakatsu, C. H., 2014, ‘Analysis of microbial communities with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism’, in Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition, pp. 909–923, ACM Press, Washington D.C.

Matteucci, E. et al., 2019, Lichens and other lithobionts on the carbonate rock surfaces of the heritage site of the tomb of Lazarus (Palestinian territories): diversity, biodeterioration, and control issues in a semi-arid environment, Annals of Microbiology 69, 1033–1046.

Mayer, D., Dubinsky, Z. & Iluz, D., 2016, Light as a limiting factor for epilithic algae in the supralittoral zone of littoral caves, Frontiers in Marine Science 3, 1-4.

Nakajima, M., Hokoi, S. & Ogura, D., 2015, Relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on the exterior walls at Kusyo Myojin Shrine, Ninna-Ji Temple, Journal of Environmental Engineering (Japan) 80(713), 574-582.

Naselli-Flores, L. & Barone, R., 2009, ‘Green Algae’, in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, PP. 166-173, Academic, Boston, London.

Pandey, V. D., 2011, Epilithic cyanobacteria occurring on the temples of Uttarakhand, India, Plant Archives 11(2), 1057-1060..

Pinheiro, A. C. et al., 2019, Limestone biodeterioration: A review on the Portuguese cultural heritage scenario, Journal of Cultural Heritage 36, 275-285.

Popović, S. et al., 2018, Diversity of Terrestrial Cyanobacteria Colonizing Selected Stone Monuments in Serbia, Studies in Conservation 63(5), 292-302.

Putri, A. L., Purbani, D.C. & Habibi, M., 2020, Isolation and identification of Actinomycetes associated with moss on the surface of the Borobudur temple stone, Biosaintifica 12(1),10-20.

Salazar, N. B., 2018, ‘Indonesia’s World Heritage’, in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, PP. 1-6, Springer, Chambrige.

Soares, F. et al., 2019, Structural diversity of photoautotrophic populations within the UNESCO site “Old Cathedral of Coimbra” (Portugal), using a combined approach, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 140, 9-20.

Song, M.-A., Kim, O.-J. & Lee, O.-M., 2012, The distribution and ecological factors of aerial algae inhabiting stoneworks in Korea, Algae 27(4), 283-294.

Sonina, A. V. et al., 2018, Comparative study of structural and ecophysiological features of lichens of different ecological groups in rocky forest communities of northernmost boreal zone (Karelia, Russia), Czech Polar Reports 8(2), 186-197.

Tale, M. et al., 2014, Isolation and characterization of microalgae for biodiesel production from Nisargruna biogas plant effluent, Bioresource Technology 169, 328–335.

Tomaselli, L. et al., 2000, Biodiversity of photosynthetic micro-organisms dwelling on stone monuments, in International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46(3), 251-258.

Vázquez-Nion, D. et al., 2016, Subaerial biofilms on granitic historic buildings: microbial diversity and development of phototrophic multi-species cultures, Biofouling 32(6), 657-669.

Villa, F. et al., 2016, Subaerial biofilms on outdoor stone monuments: Changing the perspective toward an ecological framework, BioScience 66 (4), 285-294.

Voûte, C. & Voute, C., 1973, The restoration and conservation project of Borobudur Temple, Indonesia. Planning: Research: Design, Studies in Conservation 18(3), 113-130.

Wynn-Williams, D. D. et al., 2002, Pigmentation as a survival strategy for ancient and modern photosynthetic microbes under high ultraviolet stress on planetary surfaces, International Journal of Astrobiology 1(1), 39-49.

Young, M. E. et al., 2008, Development of a biocidal treatment regime to inhibit biological growths on cultural heritage: BIODAM, Environmental Geology 56, 631-641.

Yulianto, F. et al., 2013, Extracting the damaging effects of the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia, Natural Hazards 66, 229-247.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.59216

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3346 | views : 3000

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Editoral address:

Faculty of Biology, UGM

Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)