The Effect of Accumulation of Leaf Litters and Allelochemicals in the Soil to the Sustainability of the Newly Introduced Crop Plants
I Gede Ketut Adiputra(1*)
(1) Department of Biology, Faculty of Information Technology and Sciences, University of Hindu Indonesia Denpasar. Jl. Sangalangit, Tembau, Penatih, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Postcode: 80238
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Indonesia is the second-largest vanilla production and the third-largest cocoa production in the world, but it sustained for a short period. The unsustainability of these crops is speculated to occur because of the change in leaf litter accumulation which affected the sustainability of soil organic carbon that plays an important role in maintaining soil health and fertility. To find out methods that could improve the sustainability of the production, a literature review was conducted. The articles, related to the sustainability of vanilla and cacao production, were collected using Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, ResearchGate, and Google Chrome browser. Keywords were employed to find the articles includingsoil organic carbon, cocoa plantation, vanilla, leaf litter, and allelochemical. This current article review foundthat introducing crop by clearing of previously existing vegetation could severely reduce the rate of leaf litter accumulation. Consequently, in a prolonged period, the soil organic carbon and soil fertility are very low and are unable to support the healthy growth and production of the crops. To restore production, the plantation then is returned to more traditional agroforestry such as replanting shading trees and addition of mulch. However, in the higher density of canopy, the crop production is low attributed partly to the decreasing soil pH which increases the impact of allelochemical. This review concluded that the sustainability of leaf litter accumulation is crucial to maintain soil health, but mitigation is required to reduce the impact of allelochemical accumulation.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acheampong, K. et al., 2019. Improving field establishment of cacao (Theobroma cacao) through mulching, irrigation and shading. Experimental Agriculture, 55(6), pp.898–912. doi: 10.1017/S0014479718000479.
Adiputra, I.G.K., Winaja, I.W. & Sumarya, I.M., 2019. Vegetative growth of vanilla cuttings after addition of weed clippings mulch under 2 climatic condition, wet and dry seasons. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Institute of Physics Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012084.
Aerts, R., van Bodegom, P.M. & Cornelissen, J.H.C., 2012. Litter stoichiometric traits of plant species of high-latitude ecosystems show high responsiveness to global change without causing strong variation in litter decomposition. New Phytologist, 196(1), pp.181–188. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04256.x.
Ampitan, T.A. et al., 2021. Effect of litter mineralisation on soil, under Acacia senegal (Wild L) plantation in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management, 14(1), pp.74–83. doi: https://ejesm.org/doi/v14i1.6.
Arya, S.S. & Lenka, S.K., 2019. (PDF) Vanilla Farming: The Way Forward. Eden Horti, 2(3), pp.20–24. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18451.02087.
Aryal, D.R. et al., 2018. Soil organic carbon depletion from forests to grasslands conversion in mexico: A review. Agriculture (Switzerland), 8(11), pp.1–15. doi: 10.3390/agriculture8110181.
Asao, T. et al., 2003. Autotoxicity of root exudates from taro. Scientia Horticulturae, 97(3–4), pp.389–396. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00197-8.
Asfew, Z. & Dekebo, A., 2019. Wollega Zones of Ethiopia by high performance liquid chromatography Trends in Phytochemical Research ( TPR ). Trends Phytochem. Res, 3(4), pp.261–274.
Asigbaase, M. et al., 2021. Decomposition and nutrient mineralisation of leaf litter in smallholder cocoa agroforests: a comparison of organic and conventional farms in Ghana. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(2), pp.1010–1023. doi: 10.1007/s11368-020-02844-4.
Bhowmik, P.C. & Doll, J.D., 1982. Corn and Soybean Response to Allelopathic Effects of Weed and Crop Residues 1. Agronomy Journal, 74(4), pp.601–606. doi: 10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400040005x.
Biswas, S.M. & Chakraborty, N., 2013. Shedded Artocarpus leaves - Good plant sources of natural squalene with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity - Alternative to marine animals. Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals, 4(1), p.21. doi: 10.4103/2229-5119.110344.
Bonanomi, G. et al., 2006. Phytotoxicity dynamics of decaying plant materials. New Phytologist, 169(3), pp.571–578. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01611.x.
BPS Bali. a, Produksi Panili Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Bali. Available at: https://bali.bps.go.id/indicator/54/356/7/produksi-panili-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-bali.html.
BPS Bali. b, Produksi Kakao Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Bali. Available at: https://bali.bps.go.id/indicator/54/352/1/produksi-kakao-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-bali.html.
Castellanos-Barliza, J. et al., 2018. Contributions of organic matter and nutrients via leaf litter in an urban tropical dry forest fragment. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 66(2), pp.571–585. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33381.
Chalker-Scott, L., 2007. Impact of Mulches on Landscape Plants and the Environment — A Review. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 25(4), pp.239–249. doi: 10.24266/0738-2898-25.4.239.
Cole, R.J. et al., 2020. Litter dynamics recover faster than arthropod biodiversity during tropical forest succession. Biotropica, 52(1), pp.22–33. doi: 10.1111/btp.12740.
Cornelissen, G. et al., 2018. Fading positive effect of biochar on crop yield and soil acidity during five growth seasons in an Indonesian Ultisol. Science of the Total Environment, 634(0806), pp.561–568. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.380.
Deheuvels, O. et al., 2012. Vegetation structure and productivity in cocoa-based agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 149, pp.181–188. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.003.
Fang, X. et al., 2017. Forest-type shift and subsequent intensive management affected soil organic carbon and microbial community in southeastern China. European Journal of Forest Research, 136(4), pp.689–697. doi: 10.1007/s10342-017-1065-0.
Froufe, L.C.M. et al., 2020. Nutrient cycling from leaf litter in multistrata successional agroforestry systems and natural regeneration at Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest Biome. Agroforestry Systems, 94(1), pp.159–171. doi: 10.1007/s10457-019-00377-5.
Gmach, M.R. et al., 2021. Soil dissolved organic carbon responses to sugarcane straw removal. Soil Use and Management, 37(1), pp.126–137. doi: 10.1111/sum.12663.
Gonçalves, F.A. et al., 2019. Valorization, Comparison and Characterization of Coconuts Waste and Cactus in a Biorefinery Context Using NaClO2–C2H4O2 and Sequential NaClO2–C2H4O2/Autohydrolysis Pretreatment. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 10(8), pp.2249–2262. doi: 10.1007/s12649-018-0229-6.
Hii, C. et al., 2009. Polyphenols in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). As. J. Food Ag-Ind, 2(204), pp.702–722. Available at: www.ajofai.info.
Iqbal, A. et al., 2019. Plants Are the Possible Source of Allelochemicals That Can Be Useful in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(2A), pp.1052–1061.
De Jesus Jatoba, L. et al., 2016. Allelopathy of bracken fern (pteridium arachnoideum): New evidence from green fronds, litter, and soil. PLoS ONE, 11(8), pp.1–16. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161670.
Kassa, H. et al., 2017. Impact of deforestation on soil fertility, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: the case of the Gacheb catchment in the White Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 247(July), pp.273–282. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.034.
Keller, A.B. & Phillips, R.P., 2019. Leaf litter decay rates differ between mycorrhizal groups in temperate, but not tropical, forests. New Phytologist, 222(1), pp.556–564. doi: 10.1111/nph.15524.
Kyaschenko, J. et al., 2019. Soil fertility in boreal forest relates to root-driven nitrogen retention and carbon sequestration in the mor layer. New Phytologist, 221(3), pp.1492–1502. doi: 10.1111/nph.15454.
Ledo, A. et al., 2020. Changes in soil organic carbon under perennial crops. Global Change Biology, 26(7), pp.4158–4168. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15120.
Liebmann, P. et al., 2020. Relevance of aboveground litter for soil organic matter formation - A soil profile perspective. Biogeosciences, 17(12), pp.3099–3113. doi: 10.5194/bg-17-3099-2020.
Liu, G. et al., 2014. Understanding the ecosystem implications of the angiosperm rise to dominance: Leaf litter decomposability among magnoliids and other basal angiosperms. Journal of Ecology, 102(2), pp.337–344. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12192.
Machado, M.R. et al., 2017. Modificações na cobertura vegetal influenciam os atributos químicos do solo na Amazônia brasileira. Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy, 39(3), pp.385–391. doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v39i3.32689.
Macías, F.A., Mejías, F.J.R. & Molinillo, J.M.G., 2019. Recent advances in allelopathy for weed control: from knowledge to applications. Pest Management Science, 75(9), pp.2413–2436. doi: 10.1002/ps.5355.
Matos, P.S. et al., 2020. Linkages among soil properties and litter quality in agroforestry systems of Southeastern Brazil. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), pp.1–22. doi: 10.3390/su12229752.
McGrath, D.A. et al., 2000. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in an Amazonian agroforest eight years following forest conversion. Ecological Applications, 10(6), pp.1633–1647. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1633:NAPCIA]2.0.CO;2.
Mehta, N. et al., 2013. Changes in litter decomposition and soil organic carbon in a reforested tropical deciduous cover (India). Ecological Research, 28(2), pp.239–248. doi: 10.1007/s11284-012-1011-z.
Muoghalu, J.I. & Odiwe, A.I., 2011. Litter production and decomposition in cacao (theobroma cacao) and kolanut (Cola nitida) plantations. Ecotropica, 17(1), pp.79–90.
Mutshekwa, T. et al., 2020. Nutrient release dynamics associated with native and invasive leaf litter decomposition: A mesocosm experiment. Water (Switzerland), 12(9), pp.1–12. doi: 10.3390/W12092350.
Noguchi, H. & Takami, Y., 2015. Allelopathic activity and allelopathic substance in jackfruit leaves. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 27(2), pp.277–281.
Novara, A. et al., 2015. Litter contribution to soil organic carbon in the processes of agriculture abandon. Solid Earth, 6(2), pp.425–432. doi: 10.5194/se-6-425-2015.
Piza, P.A., Suárez, J.C. & Andrade, H.J., 2021. Litter decomposition and nutrient release in different land use located in Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Agroforestry Systems, 95(2), pp.257–267. doi: 10.1007/s10457-020-00583-6.
Ramesh, T. et al., 2019. Soil organic carbon dynamics: Impact of land use changes and management practices: A review. Advances in Agronomy, 156(January 2021), pp.1–107. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2019.02.001.
Rangel-Mendoza, J.A. & Silva-Parra, A., 2020. Agroforestry systems of Theobroma cacao L. affects soil and leaf litter quality. Colombia Forestal, 23(2), pp.75–88. doi: 10.14483/2256201X.16123.
Riedel, J. et al., 2019. Effects of rehabilitation pruning and agroforestry on cacao tree development and yield in an older full-sun plantation. Experimental Agriculture, 55(6), pp.849–865. doi: 10.1017/S0014479718000431.
Sahid, I. et al., 2017. Quantification and herbicidal activity of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Transactions on Science and Technology, 4(2), pp.62–67. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/download/54309884/4x2x62x67.pdf.
Sanz, M.J. et al., 2017. Sustainable Land Management contribution to successful land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface., Bonn, Germany: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Available at: https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/documents/2017-09/UNCCD_Report_SLM_web_v2.pdf.
Saputra, D.D. et al., 2020. Can cocoa agroforestry restore degraded soil structure following conversion from forest to agricultural use? Agroforestry Systems, 94(6), pp.2261–2276. doi: 10.1007/s10457-020-00548-9.
Sauvadet, M. et al., 2020. Cocoa agroforest multifunctionality and soil fertility explained by shade tree litter traits. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(3), pp.476–487. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13560.
Schaad, N. & Fromm, I., 2018. Sustainable Cocoa Production Program (SCPP): Analysis of cocoa beans processing and quality in post-harvest in South East Sulawesi in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Food and Energy, 6(1), pp.1–6. doi: 10.36782/apjsafe.v6i1.1788.
Shaxson, F. & Barber, R., 2003. Optimizing soil moisture for plant production. FAO Soil Bulletin 76, p.126.
Singh, H., Batish, D. & Kohli, R., 1999. Autotoxicity: Concept, organisms, and ecological significance. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18(6), pp.757–772. doi: 10.1080/07352689991309478.
Singh, N.R. et al., 2019. Seasonal Dynamics of Litter Accumulation in Agroforestry Systems of Navsari District, Gujarat. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 7(2), p.151. doi: 10.5958/2320-642x.2019.00020.6.
Singhal, V. et al., 2019. Leaf litter production and decomposition dynamics in four agroforestry tree species of western Himalayas. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SP1, pp.198–201.
Suárez, L.R. et al., 2021. Cacao agroforestry systems improve soil fertility: Comparison of soil properties between forest, cacao agroforestry systems, and pasture in the Colombian Amazon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 314(April 2020), p.107349. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107349.
Takemura, T. et al., 2013. Discovery of coumarin as the predominant allelochemical in Guricidia sepium. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25(2), pp.268–272.
Weston, L.A., Ryan, P.R. & Watt, M., 2012. Mechanisms for cellular transport and release of allelochemicals from plant roots into the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(9), pp.3445–3454. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers054.
Witjaksono, J. & Asmin, 2016. Cocoa Farming System in Indonesia and Its Sustainability Under Climate Change. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 5(5), p.170. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20160505.15.
Xie, T., Shan, L. & Su, P., 2020. Drought conditions alter litter decomposition and nutrient release of litter types in an agroforestry system of China. Ecology and Evolution, 10(15), pp.8018–8029. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6264.
Zhang, X. et al., 2015. Allelopathic effects of decomposed leaf litter from intercropped trees on rape. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39(6), pp.898–908. doi: 10.3906/tar-1406-88.
Zhang, Z. et al., 2021. Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: a meta-analysis. Ecology Letters, 24(2), pp.348–362. doi: 10.1111/ele.13627.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.65227
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1835 | views : 1618Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Editoral address:
Faculty of Biology, UGM
Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)