Paths to Peace: Contending Discourses on Communal Violence and Conflict in the Post-New Order Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25768

Muhadi Sugiono(1*), Frans Djalong(2)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(2) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This paper discusses actual discourses that have shaped the ways in which violent communal conflicts have been understood, and how different practices of interventions have been applied to address the conflicts in the post-New Order Indonesia. The discourses have their own perspectives, practical interventions, and agencies. Against the backdrop of the competing discourses, this paper argues for more attention being paid to local ways of resolving communal conflict despite the accompanying debates on their effectiveness and efficiency.

Keywords


Communal Violence; Conflict; Discourse; Perspective; Intervention

Full Text:

PDF


References

Abusa, Zachary, 2003. Political Islam anf Violence in Indonesia, London: Routledge.

Acciaioli, Greg. 2001. ‘Grounds of Conflict, Idioms of Harmony: Custom, Religion, and Nationalism in Violence Avoidance at the Lindu Plain, Central Sulawesi,’ Indonesia, 72, Octtober, pp 81-114.

Adam, Jeroen. 2010. ‘How Ordinary Folk Became Involved in the Ambonese Conflict: Understanding Private Opportunities during Communal Violence,’ Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 166/1, pp 25-48 .

Aditjondro, George. 2001. ‘Guns, Pamphlets and Handie-Talkies. How Military Exploited Local Ethno-Religious Tensions in Maluku to Preserve Their Political and Economic Privileges,’ in Ingrid Wessel and Georgia Wimhöfer, eds. Violence in Indonesia. : Abera Verlag, pp 100-128.

______________ 2007. ‘motambu tana, pranata resolusi konflik atau landasan pelebaran konflik?’, in a. amirrachman, ed. revitalisasi kearifan lokal: studi resolusi konflik di kalimantan barat, maluku, dan poso. jakarta: international center for islam and pluralism-icip, pp.309-18.

Antlov, H, Ibrahim, R and van Tuijl, P. 2006. ‘NGO Governance and Acountability in Indonesia: Challenges in a Newly Democratizing Country,’ in L. Jordan and P. van Tuijl eds. NGO Accountability:Politics, Principle and Innovation. London: Earthscan, pp 147-65.

Aragon, Lorraine, 2005. ‘Mass Media Fragmentation and Narratives of Violent Action in Sulawesi’s Poso Conflict,’ Indonesia, 79, April, pp 1-55.

Askandar, Kamaruzaman ed. 2006. Building Peace: Reflections from Southeast Asia. Penang: Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network–SEACSN.

Aspinall, Edward and Greg Fealy, eds. 2003. Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralization and Democratization. Singapore: of Southeast Asian Studies.

Azca, Najib Muhammad. 2005. ‘Security Forces in the Conflict in Ambon. From the National to the Local,’ in Damien Kingsbury ed. Violence in Between. Conflict and Security in Archipelagic Southeast Asia. Clayton: Monash Asia Institute, pp 231-254.

Betrand, Jacques. 2004. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

_______________ 2002. ‘Legacies of the Authoritarian Past: Religious Violence in Indonesia’s Moluccan Islands,’ Pacific Affairs, 75/1, Spring, pp 57-85.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 1996. An Agenda for Democratization. New York: United Nations Publication.

Bräuchler, Birgit. 2003. ‘Cyberidentities at War: Religion, Identity, and the Internet in the Moliccan Conflict,’ Indonesia, 75, April, pp 123-151.

Brigg, Morgan and Roland Bleiker. Forthcoming. ‘Post Colonial Conflict Resolution,’ in Morgan Brigg and Roland Bleiker, eds. Mediating across Difference, Oceanic and Asian Approaches to Conflict Resolution. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp 19-37.

Brigg, Morgan. 2003. eMediation, power, and cultural difference,’ Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20, pp 287-306.

______________. 2008. The New Politics of Conflict Resolution: Responding to Difference. London: Palgrave.

Bubandt, Nils. 2001. ‘Malukan Apocalypse. Themes in the Dynamics of Violence in Eastern Indonesia,’ in Wessel and Georgia Wimhöfer, eds. Violence in Indonesia. Hamburg: Abera Verlag, pp 228-253.

Budiman, Hikmat. 2003. ‘Membaca Kekerasan, Komunalisme, dan Demokratisasi,’ in Hikmat Budiman and Landry H. Subianto, eds.Komunalisme dan Demokrasi. : Japan Foundation Asian Center, pp 127-151.

Cheldelin, Sandra, Daniel Druckman and Larissa Fast, eds. 2003. Conflict: From Analysis to Intervention. London: Continuum.

Clarke, Helen and Arifah Rahmawati eds. 2006. Non-Violent Resistance: People fs Stories from Indonesian Conflicts. Yogyakarta: CSPS Books.

Cobb, Sara and Janet Rifkin. 1991. ‘The Practice and paradox: deconstructing neutrality in mediation,’ Law and Social Inquiry, 35/1, pp 49-50.

Collins, Fuller Elizabeth. 2002. ‘Indonesia: A Violent Culture?,’ Asian Survey, 42/4, pp 582-604.

Cooley, Frank. 1961. Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies. Phd Dissertation, Yale University.

Duncan, Christopher. 2005. ‘The Other Maluku: Chronologies of Conflict in North Maluku.’ Indonesia, 80, October, pp 53-80.

Ecip, Sinansari E. 2002. Rusuh Poso, Rujuk Malino. Jakarta: Penerbit Cahaya Timur. Fine, B. 2003. Social Capital versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millenium. London: Routledge.

Hadiz, Vedi. 2006. ‘Order and Terror in a Time of Empire,’ in Vedi Hadiz, ed., Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia. London: Routledge, pp 123- 138.

Harris, John. 2001. Depoliticising Development: The World Bank and Social Capital. New Delhi: Left Word Books.

Huntington, Samuel. 1996. The Clash of civilization and Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Van Klinken, Gerry. 2006. ‘The Forest, the State, and Communal Conflict in West Kalimantan, Indonesia,’ in Nordholt, Henk Shulte, ed. Indonesian Transitions. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, pp 163-204.

______________. 2007. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. London: Routledge.

______________. 2001. ‘The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In,’ Indonesia, 71, April, pp 1-26.

Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Tokyo: United Nation University Press.

Malley, Michael. 2001. ‘Indonesia: Violence and Reform Beyond Jakarta.’ Southeast Asian Affairs, 2001, pp 159-174.

Malik, I. 2007. Learning to Manage Conflict: Lesson Learned from the Development of Community-Network Based Conflict Early Warning and Early Response System in Indonesia. Jakarta: Institut Titian Perdamaian.

Malik, I., M. Pattinaja, S. Putuhena, T. Yakob, et.al 2003. BakuBae: Breaking the Violence with compassion. Jakarta: Yappika/Bakubae.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton Univerisity Press.

______________. 2009. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror. Cape Town: HRSC Press.

Manoppo, Pieter George. 2005. Resolusi Konflik Interaktif Berbasis Korban. Sebuah Pendekatan Psikososial di Maluku. Surabaya: Srikandi.

Marzuki, M. 2006. ‘Konflik Komunal di Indonesia, Solusi dan Penanganan Pasca Konflik (Poso dan Maluku),’ Prosiding Workshop Penciptaan Budaya Perdamaian dan Penanganan Konflik di Indonesia. Universitas Negeri Jember, pp.41-49.

Merry, S .E. 2006. ‘Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle,’ American Anthropologist, 108/1, pp.28-51.

Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse. 2005. Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management, and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Cambridge: Polity Press. Migdal, Joel S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Mundayat, Aris Arif. 2009. ‘State and Civil Society Relationship in Indonesia: A Society-Oriented Reading in Search for Democratic Space,’ in Journal PCD Publication Online. 1/1-2, pp 75-96, available at http://www.pcd.ugm.ac.id/pcd6maret09/index. php?mod=journal&volume_id=1 accessed 10 May2010.

Munir. 2001. ‘Indonesia, Violence, and Integration Problem,’ in Ingrid Wesssel, eds. Violence in Indonesia. Hamburg: Abera Verlag, pp 17-24.

Nordholt, Schulte Henk. 2002. ‘A Genealogy of Violence,’ in Freek Colombijn, Freek and J. Thomas Lindblad, eds., Roots of Violence in Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, pp 33-61.

______________ 2004. ‘Decentralization in Indonesia: Less State, More democracy?,’ in J. Harriss, K. Stokke and O. Tornquist eds., Politicising Democracy: New Local Politics of Democratization. London: Palgrave, pp 29-47.

Pontoh, Husain Coen. 2004. ‘Bedil, Amis Darah, dan Mesiu. Mengurai Keterlibatan Militer dalam Konflik Ambon,’ Jurnal Wacana, III/17, pp 121-136.

Purdey, Jemma. 2004. ‘Describing kekerasan: Some observations on writing about violence in Indonesia after the New Order,’ Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 160/2-3, pp 189-225.

Rahajamtel, M. 2005. ‘Perpspektif Islam tentang Pluralisme Agama: Paradigma Baru Membangun Maluku Pasca Konflik,’ in Kanjoli - Jurnal Lembaga Antariman Maluku, 2, Juli-September, pp 5-8.

Richmond, Oliver. Forthcoming. ‘Local Conflict Resolution in the Shadows of Liberal International Peacebuilding,’ in Morgan Brigg and Roland Bleiker eds., Mediating Across Difference: Oceanic and Asian Approach to Conflict Resolution. Hawaii: University of Hawaian Press, pp 57-72.

Robison, R. and Hadiz V. 2004. Reorganizing Power in Indonesia: Politics of Oligarchy in the Age of Market. London: Routledge Curzon.

Sidel, John T. 2001. ‘Riots, Church Burnings, Conspiracies: the Moral Economy of the Indonesian Crowd in the Late Twentieth Century,’ in Wessel and Georgia Wimhöfer, eds. Violence in Indonesia. Hamburg: Abera Verlag, pp 47-63.

Sihbudi, Riza M, et.al. 2001. Bara Dalam Sekam: Identifikasi Akar Masalah Dan Solusi Atas Konflik-konflik Lokal di Aceh, Maluku, Papua, dan Riau. Bandung: Penerbit Mizan.

Sisk, Timothy and Paul Risley. 2005. Democracy and Peacebuilding at Local Level: Lesson Learned. A Report of the Programme in Democracy and Conflict Management. Stockholm: Institute for Democracy and Election Assistance.

Suaedy, Ahmad. 2000. Luka Maluku: Militer Terlibat. Jakarta: ISAI. Sugiono, Muhadi and Frans Jalong. Forthcoming. ‘Crossing Borders: Indonesian Experience with Local Conflict Resolution,’ in Morgan Brigg and Roland Bleiker eds., Mediating across Difference: Oceanic and Asian approaches to Conflict Resolution. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp 139-52.

Tadjoeddin, M. Zulfan and S.M. Murshed. 2007. ‘Socio-Economic Determinants of Everyday Violence in Indonesia: An Empirical Investigationof Javanese Districts, 1994-2003,’ Journal of Peace Research, 44/6, pp 689-709.

Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 1997. ‘Economic Development, Migration, and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia: A Preliminary Observation,’ Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 12/2, pp 293-328.

Toisuta, Hasbollah et.al. 2007. ‘Damai...Damai di Maluku!,’ in Alpha Amirrachman ed. Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal. Jakarta: ICIP, pp 110- 199.

Tomagola, Thamrin A. 2007. ‘Anatomi Konflik Komunal di Indonesia. Kasus Maluku, Poso dan Kalimantan,’ in Alpha Amirrachman ed. Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal. Jakarta: ICIP, pp 271-307.

Trijono, Lambang and Pieter Tanamal. 2004. ‘Religious Conflict in Maluku: In Search of Religious Community Peace,’ in Lambang Trijono ed. The Making of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Southeast Asia. Yogyakarta: CSPS Books, pp 231-255.

Trijono, Lambang. 2007. Pembangunan sebagai Perdamaian. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor.

______________ 2009. ‘Post-Conflict Peace Building Governance. Studies of Public Policy Effectiveness to Prevent Conflict Relapsed and Promote Peace Consolidation in Post-Conflict Regions.’ Research Report for International Publication, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.

Triyatmoko, Mardyanto Wahyu. 2005. ‘Pemekaran Wilayah dan Pertarungan Elit di Maluku Utara,’ Jurnal Masyarakat Indonesia, XXXI/1, 2005, pp 67-89.

Watloly, A. 2005. ‘Budaya Lokal Sebagai Perekat Hubungan Antarumat Beragama di Maluku,’ in Kanjoli - Jurnal Lembaga Antariman Maluku, 1, Juli-September, pp 4-9.

Wilson, Chris. 2005. ‘The Ethnic Origins of Religious Conflict in North Maluku Province,’ Indonesia, 1999-2000 h, Indonesia, 79, April, pp 69-91.

Wessel, Ingrid. 2001. ‘The Politics of Violence in New Order Indonesia in the Last Decade of the 20th Century,’ in Wessel and Georgia Wimhöfer, eds. Violence in Indonesia. Hamburg: Abera Verlag, Pp 64- 81.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25768

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1951 | views : 1654

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2017 Power, Conflict and Democracy Journal

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

web
analytics View My Stats

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

       

 

 

                                © Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Gadjah Mada University Jl. Sosio-Yustisia Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281
                                                     Telp (0274) 563362 Ext. 150; +62 811 2515 863 - email: pcd@ugm.ac.id