Policy (In)Coherence in Early Childhood Development - Insights from Indonesia

Emil Karmila; Eddy Kiswanto; Citra Sekarjati; Agus H. Hadna; Agus Joko Pitoyo

doi:10.22146/jp.102590

Policy (In)Coherence in Early Childhood Development - Insights from Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.102590

Emil Karmila^(1*), Eddy Kiswanto⁽²⁾, Citra Sekarjati⁽³⁾, Agus H. Hadna⁽⁴⁾, Agus Joko Pitoyo⁽⁵⁾

(1) Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University
(2) Doctoral Programme in Leadership and Policy Innovation Graduate School Universitas Gadjah Mada
(3) Master and Doctoral Programmes in Leadership and Policy Innovation Graduate School Universitas Gadjah Mada
(4) Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(5) Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Artikel ini menganalisis isu koherensi kebijakan dalam pengembangan anak usia dini (PAUD) dengan mengambil kasus di Indonesia. Analisis difokuskan pada implikasi isu koherensi kebijakan pada capaian program PAUD dan bagaimana isu koherensi kebijakan ini mendorong pemerintah Indonesia untuk meminimalisasi inkoherensi kebijakan. Dalam hal ini, program PAUD dilihat sebagai bagian integral dalam upaya pembangunan sumber daya manusia (SDM) guna mendukung pembangunan yang berkelanjutan. Dengan meneggunakan teknik analisis naratif data kualitatif yang dihasilkan dari wawancara pejabat tinggi pemerintah pusat, staf ahli lembaga internasional, dan Koalisis PAUD Nasional, studi ini menemukan bahwa inkoherensi kebijakan telah terjadi dalam program PAUD dan menghambat pencapaian kinerja program yang tinggi. Pemerintah merespons isu inkoherensi ini dengan beberapa mekanisme yang berusaha menumbuhkan koordinasi lintas sektoral. Temuan ini menggambarkan bahwa isu impelementasi kebijakan, terutama dalam aspek koordinasi dan harmonisasi realisasi program masih menjadi masalah serius dalam program PAUD atau dalam sekala makro, kebijakan pengembangan SDM. Berabagai pendekatan dalam PAUD dan SDM juga telah diterapkan namun kasus realisasi program di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan-pendekatan ini kurang berjalan karena isu inkoherensi kebijakan. Ini merefleksikan bahwa mempertimbangkan atau mengintegrasigrasikan konsep koherensi kebijakan dalam pendekatan tersebut sangat penting.

Keywords

early childhood development; human resources; policy coherence; cross-sectoral; program coordination; Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abboah-Offei, M., Amboka, P., Nampijja, M., et al. (2022). ‘Improving early childhood development in the context of the nurturing care framework in Kenya: A policy review and qualitative exploration of emerging issues with policy makers’, Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1016156.

Banati, P. (2018) ‘Bringing Life Course Theory to the Sustainable Development Goals’, in S. Verma & A.N. Petersens (Eds). Developmental Science and Sustainable Development Goals for Children and Youth. Cham: Switzerland, pp. 313-328

Benner,A.D. & Mistry, R.S. (2020) ‘Child development during the COVID-19 pandemic through a life course theory lens’, Child Development Perspective, 1-8.

Blimpo, M.P., Carneiro, P., Jervis, P., et al. (2022). ‘Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from the Gambia’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 70(4):1479–1529.

Bonner Septien, A.P., Nagoshi, K., Lundberg, E., et al. (2024). ‘Trajectories of early childhood development in children experiencing homelessness’, Children and Youth Services Review, 160( 107583): 1-11.

Boo, F.L. & Creamer, J. (2019). ‘Cash, conditions, and child development: Experimental evidence from a cash transfer program in Honduras’ Economia, 19(2), pp. 169–196.

BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik) (2020). ‘Analisis Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini Indonesia 2018 – Integrasi Susenas dan Riskesdas 2018’, Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik

Chen, S., Li, A., Hu, L., N’Drin, M.G.R. (2024) ‘Understanding the Efficiency in Generating Human Development in Sub Saharan Africa: A Two Stage Network DEA Approach’, Social Indicators Research 171:295–324

Duong, D.D. & Pham, A.V. (2023) ‘Advancing a Capability Approach to Work as a Central Dimension of Human Development’, Forum for Development Studies, 50:2, 239-260,

Dräbing, V. and Nelson, M. (2017) ‘Addressing Human Capital Risks and the Role of Institutional Complementarities’, in A. Hamerick (Ed.) The Use of Social Investment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 128-139.

Fernandes, L. (2024)’ The economics of human development: ‘Investing in children’ or ‘children as an investment’? And why it matters’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 1-16.

Fleckenstein, T. and Lee, S.C. (2017) ‘A Social Investment Turn in East Asia? South Korea in Comparative Perspective’, in A. Hamerick (Ed.) The Use of Social Investment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 266-277.

García-Pardo, F., Perez-Moreno, S., & Barcena-Martin, E. (2023) Leaving no Country Behind: A Fuzzy Approach for Human Development, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 24:1, 1-23

Greve, W. (2023) ‘Adaptation across the Lifespan: Towards a Processual Evolutionary Explanation of Human Development’, Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science (2023) 57:1119–1139

Heinz, M., Bishop, A.J., & Finchum, T. (2021) ‘The Lived Experiences of African American Centenarians: Narrative Exploration From a Life Course Theory Perspective’, Gerontologist, 1–11

Hemerijck, A. (2017) ‘Social Investment and Its Critics’, in A. Hamerick (Ed.) The Use of Social Investment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-39.

Jeong, J., Bliznashka, L., Sullivan, E., et al. (2022) ‘Measurement tools and indicators for assessing nurturing care for early childhood development: A scoping review’. PLOS Glob Public Health, 2(4): e0000373.

Kusumawardhani, P.N. (2022). ‘Spillover effects of investment in Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) centers: evidence from Indonesia’, Education Economics, 30:6: 590-611.

Lim, I.E., Mahmud, I., Chowdhury, M.U., et al., (2023). ‘Early Childhood Development (ECD) in Ghana: Assessing the Status and Determinants of the Literacy–Numeracy, Physical, Social–Emotional, and Learning Domains’, International Journal of Early Childhood, DOI: 10.1007/s13158-023-00349-y.

Mariano, E. B., Sobreiro, V. A., & do Rebelatto, D. A. N. (2015). Human development and data envelop ment analysis: A structured literature review. Omega, 54, 33–49.

Mohiya, M. (2024) ‘What constitutes an employer of choice? A qualitative triangulation investigation’, Human Resources for Health, 22(41): 1-15.

Molina Millán, T., Macours, K., Maluccio, J.A., et al. (2020). ‘Experimental long-term effects of early-childhood and school-age exposure to a conditional cash transfer program’. Journal of Development Economics, 143, 102385.

Morgan, H. (2024) ‘Using Triangulation and Crystallization to Make Qualitative Studies Trustworthy and Rigorous’, The Qualitative Report, 29(7): 1844-1856.

Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., et al. (2021). ‘Built to Last: Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia’, The Journal of Development Studies, 57:10, 1593-1612.

Natow, R.S. (2020) ‘The use of triangulation in qualitative studies employing elite interviews’, Qualitative Research 20(2): 160 –173

Nayyar D. & Malhotra, R. (2023) Economic and Social Policies for Human Development, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 24:4, 439-467

Oztruk, E.G., Guimaraes, P., & Silva, S.T. (2024) ‘Building acompositeindexusingthemulti-objectiveapproach:An application to the case of humandevelopment’ Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 91 (2024) 101756

Peacock, T.N. (2022). ‘Advancing early childhood development: The role of local government’, South African Journal on Human Rights, 38(3-4): 285-308.

Pierce, H. (2021). ‘Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development: Path to Improving Child Outcomes in Africa’, Population Research and Policy Review, 40:285–307.

Premand, P. & Barry, O. (2022). ‘Behavioral change promotion, cash transfers and early childhood development: Experimental evidence from a government program in a low-income setting’, Journal of Development Economics, 158(102921): 1-22.

Robeyns, Ingrid. 2017. Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice– The Capability Approach Reexamined. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.

Smyth, P. and Deeming, C., (2016) ‘The ‘Social Investment Perspective’ in Social Policy: A Longue Durée Perspective’, Social Policy and Administration, 50, 6: 673–690.

Stylianou, t., Nasir, R., & Waqas, M. (2023) ‘Inclusive Human Development and Governance Nexus: Causality Analysis of Selected Asian Countries’, Economies 11(97): 1-14

Sudfeld C.R., Bliznashka L., Ashery G., et al. (2021). ‘Effect of a home-based health, nutrition and responsive stimulation intervention and conditional cash transfers on child development and growth: a clusterrandomised controlled trial in Tanzania’. BMJ Global Health, 6(e005086): 1-12.

Sumarto, Mulyadi, (2020), “Insecurity and Historical Legacies in Welfare Regime Change in Southeast Asia: Insights from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand ”, Social Policy and Society, Vol. 19, No. 4, 629-643.

Sumarto, M. (2023) "Conditional Cash Transfers, Global Politics, and the Development of Indonesia’s Social Protection Policy” in John McCarthy, Andrew McWilliam, and Gerben Nooteboom, (eds), The Paradox of Agrarian Change: Food Security and the Politics of Social Protection in Indonesia, Singapore: and NUS Press, pp.349-368.

Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Guo, Q., et al., (20240. ‘Latent classes of early childhood development and their predictors in Lowand middle-income countries: Results from multiple indicator cluster surveys 2010 – 2020’, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 68: 65–75.

Telleria, J. (2023) ‘Defining and Measuring Human Development: A Genealogical Analysis of the UNDP’s Human Development Reports’, The European Journal of Development Research 35:520–544

Tissaoui, K., Hakimi, A., & Zaghdoudi, T. (2024). ‘Can financial inclusion enhance human development? Evidence from low- and middle income countries;, Humanities And Social Sciences Communications, 11(573): 1-14.

Venter, L. (2022). ‘A systems perspective on early childhood development education in South Africa’, International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 17(7); 1-25.

Zaenab, S. (2022). ‘The Role of Pedagogical Documentation in Early Childhood Education in Indonesia’, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 2022, Vol.9, No. 3, 194-211

Zambrano E. (2014) ‘An axiomatization of the human development index. Social Choice and Welfare 42(4):853–72.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.102590