APPLYING CRITICAL RACE THEORY TO RACIALLY-MIXED ASIAN-AMERICANS DEPICTED IN KEVIN KWAN’S SEX AND VANITY

https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v12i1.105701

Ni Luh Ayu Liana(1*), Galant Nanta Adhitya(2), Yohanes Angie Kristiawan(3)

(1) Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2) Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(3) Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Michele Yeoh, being the first Asian actress to win an Oscar, might be taken as the model minority, despite Asian immigrants receiving inhumane treatment suspending them from citizenship. Marriage was encouraged to be a US citizen, giving birth to Eurasian children, who can be confused by their parents’ racial differences. They neither have a connection to their parents nor acceptance from either of their parents’ races. This in-between dynamic is explored in Kwan’s Sex and Vanity through Lucie Churchill, whose mother is Asian and father was white. Her life is filled with biracial discrimination. This article was researched by applying four theories: Post-nationalist American Studies; Critical Race Theory; Blank, Dabady and Citro’s discrimination types; and Aguirre and Turner’s reaction types. The findings show that most discrimination types are subtle, unconscious, automatic discrimination, and most reaction types are spontaneous ones. The discrimination and reactions are less vulgar because the upper class apprehends racism in the forms of intentional, explicit discrimination, e.g., physical attack and extermination, are unforgivable. The conclusion drawn is that nonextreme forms still damage mixed-race individuals. This article then argues that identity construction crisscrosses how one identifies himself or herself and how others identify him or her.

Keywords


biracial discrimination; Eurasian; identity; popular fiction; romance

Full Text:

PDF


References

Adhitya, G. N. & Hapsari, A. (2022). American Dream in the eye of Asian Immigrants: A genetic structuralism analysis of Kevin Kwan’s Rich People Problems. International Journal of Humanity Studies, 6(1), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v6i1.5197.

Adhitya, G. N. & Kurnia, N. I. Beragam Gambaran Mengenai Etnis Keturunan Cina pada Karya Terjemahan Kevin Kwan’s Kekasih Kaya Raya. Lakon, 6(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v6i1.6790.

Adhitya, G. N. & Wulandari, N. (2021). Representasi Indonesia dalam novel trilogi terjemahan Kaya Tujuh Turunan karya Kevin Kwan. Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 5(1), 26-48. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2021.05102.

Adi, I. R. (2023). Teori-teori dan Metode Pengkajian Amerika. UGM Press.

Aguirre, A & Turner, J. (2004). American ethnicity: The dynamics and consequences of discrimination. McGraw Hill.

Blackburn, S. (2019). What is the model minority myth?. Learning for Justice. https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/what-is-the-model-minority-myth.

Blair, D. (2018). Hollywood’s depiction of Asians tacky. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201812/11/WS5c0fdcf9a310eff3032906ac.html.

Blank, R. M., Dabady, M., & Citro, C. F. (2004). Measuring racial discrimination. The National Academies Press.

Delgado, R. (2009). Liberal McCarthyism and the origins of Critical Race Theory. Iowa Law Review, 94(5), 1505-1543. http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/153.

Downing, K. (2010). Passive v. active acceptance. Changemymind.com. https://karladowningresources.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/passive-vs-active-acceptance.pdf.

Fernando, S., & Rinaldi, J. (2017). Seeking equity: Disrupting a history of exclusionary immigration frameworks. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 49(3), 7-27. doi:10.1353/ces.2017.0019.

Fitzgerald, T. K. (1993). Metaphors of identity: A culture-communication dialogue. State University of New York Press.

Ho, J. A. (2015). Racial ambiguity in Asian American culture. Rutgers University Press.

Indriyanto, K., Adi, I. R. & Adhitya, G. N. (2024). Disability and indigeneity in Moloka’i: Challenging colonial paradigm of leprosy. Brno Studies in English, 50(1), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.5817/BSE2024-1-11.

Joo, N., Reeves, R. V. & Rodrigue, E. Asian-American success and the pitfalls of generalization. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/asian-american-success-and-the-pitfalls-of-generalization/.

Johnson, R. N. (2008). The psychology of racism: How internalized racism, academic self-concept, and campus racial climate impact the academic experiences and achievement of African American undergraduates. University of California.

Joseph-Salisbury, R. (2018). Black mixed-race men, perceptions of the family, and the cultivation of ‘post-racial’ resilience. Ethnicities, 18(1), 86-105. https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/4400/1/Black%20Mixed-Race%20Men%20Family%20revised%2019092017%20(1).pdf.

Khan, A. W. (2016). Critical Race Theory: The Intersectionality of race, gender and social justice. Putaj Humanities & Social Sciences, 23(1), 1-9. https://lib.pepperdine.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=137259529&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Kwan, K. (2020). Sex and vanity. Penguin Books.

Lynn, M. & Parker, L. (2006). Critical Race Studies in education: Examining a decade of research on U.S. schools. Urban Review, 38(4), 257-290. doi:10.1007/s11256-006-0035-5.

Marchesin, A. T. (2021). Why am I so proud to be Wasian?. Vocal Media. https://vocal.media/wander/why-am-i-so-proud-to-be-wasian.

Mehta, S. K. (2023). The racism of people who love you: Essays on mixed race belonging. Beacon Press.

Monte, L. M. & Shin, H. B. (2022). 20.6 million people in the U.S. identify as Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/05/aanhpi-population-diverse-geographically-dispersed.html#:~:text=The%20Asian%20diaspora%20is%20extremely,and%203%2C526%20people%20reporting%20Okinawan.

Montoya, R., Matias, C. E., Nishi, N. W. M., & Sarcedo, G. L. (2016). American chimera: The ever-present domination of whiteness, patriarchy, and capitalism … a parable. Educational Philosophy & Theory, 48(9), 872-883. doi:10.1080/00131857.2015.1068683

Pree, A. D. (2019). White by association: The mixed marriage policy of Japanese American internees. UC Santa Barbara, 1.

Rollock, N. & Gillborn, D. (2011). Critical Race Theory (CRT). British Educational Research Association. Retrieved from http://www.bera.ac.uk/files/2011/10/Critical-Race-Theory.pdf.

Ruiz, N. G., Im, C. & Tian, Z. (2023). 3. Asian Americans and the ‘model minority’ stereotype. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2023/11/30/asian-americans-and-the-model-minority-stereotype/.

Seida, J. (2015). For Asian Americans, wealth stereotypes don’t fit really. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/in-plain-sight/asian-american-social-class-more-complicated-data-n316616.

Slaton, J. (2022). Parent’s guide to The Summer I Turned Pretty. Common Sense Media. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/the-summer-i-turned-pretty.

Specter, E. (2023). Michelle Yeoh made history with her 2023 Oscar win. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/michelle-yeoh-oscar#:~:text=“For%20all%20the%20little%20boys,the%20coveted%20best%2Dactress%20award.

Wu, Y. (2023). Chinese Exclusion Act. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Exclusion-Act.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v12i1.105701

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 108 | views : 7

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.