Comparison of Thermal Properties of PCB Photoresist Films Cured by Different Technique
Keywords:
microwave curing, UV curing, photoresists, glass transition temperature, percent cure, PCB
Abstract
The possibility of implementing microwave technology to photoresist film curing which is a major process in the production of electronic printed circuit boards (PCB) was investigated and compared with a conventional curing method, e.g. UV lithography. Since both techniques involved irradiation, hot plate curing which relies on thermal conduction was undertaken to study the effect of a heat transfer approach. Two film thicknesses were studied, i.e. 0.0012 and 0.002 inch, and the effects of curing power and time were investigated. Thermal properties, i.e. percent cure, glass transition temperature (Tg), composition and degradation temperature (Td), were evaluated using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and it was found that the commercial UV irradiation was sufficient to completely cure the thin film but only reached 76% cure for the thicker film, resulting in a lower Tg. The results show that the required processing conditions using a conventional household microwave to obtain almost complete curing were 1,000 Watts and 10 minutes curing time. In addition, improved curing was achieved in the thicker film because microwave can transmit into polar materials whereas UV cannot penetrate very far into the material. The hot plate curing was observed to produce a higher degree of curing and Tg, however, the uniformity of heating was found to be a major limiting factor of this technique. Slight differences in decomposition profiles of the films cured by different techniques implied slight differences in molecular structures. Compared to UV and hot plate curing, microwave technology was demonstrated as a potential curing technique in the production of PCBs due to its ability to efficiently cure thick films resulting in a strong material with high Tg. To apply the technique to other processes, optimal conditions, i.e. power and time, should be further investigated as well as the prevention of hot spots.References
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Azzarri, M.J., Cortizo, M.S. and Alessandrini, J.L. (2003). “Effect of the Curing Conditions on the Properties of an Acrylic Denture Base Resin Microwave-Polymerised”, J. Dent., 31, 463-468.
Boey, F.Y.C. and Yap, B.H. (2001). “Microwave Curing of an Epoxy-Amine System: Effect of Curing Agent on the Glass-Transition Temperature”, Polym. Test., 20, 837-845.
Chowasakoo, T. and Sombatsompop, N. (2007). “Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Fly Ash/Epoxy Composites Using Conventional Thermal and Microwave Curing Methods”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 2282-2291.
De la Hoz, A., Diaz-Ortiz, A. and Moreno A. (2007). “Review on non- thermal effects of microwave irradiation in organic synthesis”, J. Microwave Power EE., 41, 45-66.
Hansson, L. and Antti, A.L. (2003). “The Effect of Microwave Drying on Norway Spruce Woods Strength: a Comparison with Conventional Drying”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 141, 41-50.
Jacob, J., Chia, L.H.L. and Boey, F.Y.C. (1995). “Comparative study of methyl methacrylate cure by microwave radiation versus thermal energy”, Polym. Test., 14, 343-354.
Kwak, M., Robinson, P., Bismarck, A. and Wise, R. (2015). “Microwave Curing of Carbon-Epoxy Composites: Penetration Depth and Material Characterisation”, Compos. Part A- Appl. S., 75, 18-27.
Lai, C.-P., Tsai, M.-H., Chen, M., Chang, H.-S. and Tay, H.-H. (2004. “Morphology and Properties of Denture Acrylic Resins Cured by Microwave Energy and Conventional Water Bath”, Dent. Mater., 20, 133-141.
Leonelli, C. and Mason, T.J. (2010). “Microwave and Ultrasonic Processing: Now a Realistic Option for Industry”, Chem. Eng. and Process., 49, 885-900.
Li, N., Li, Y., Hang, X. and Gao, J. (2014). “Analysis and Optimization of Temperature Distribution in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials During Microwave Curing Process”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 214, 544-550.
Machado, C.V., Fortes, C.B., Collares, F.M., Forte, M.M.C. and Samuel, S.M.W. (2010). “Effect of different curing condition on material properties of acrylic resin for orthodontic appliances”, Orthodon. Wave., 69, 18- 22.
Nguyen, P.N.D., Kubouchi, M., Sakai, T., Roces, S.A., Bacani, F.T., Yimsiri, P. and Tan, R.R. (2012). “Relationship of Mechanical Properties and Temperature of Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Plastic under Microwave Irradiation”, Clean Technol. Envir., 14, 943-951.
Nguyen, P.N.D., Roces, S.A., Bacani, F.T., Kubouchi, M., Tetsuya, S. and Yimsiri, P. (2007) “Degradation Behaviour of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) in Microwave Irradiation”, AJChE., 7(2), 157-164.
Pereira, N.R., Marsaioli Jr., A., Ahrne, L.M. (2007). “Effect of Microwave Power, Air Velocity and Temperature on the Final Drying of Osmotically Dehydrated Bananas”, J. Food Eng., 81, 79-87.
Rangari, V.K., Bhuyan, M.S. and Jeelani, S. (2011). “Microwave Curing of CNFs/EPON-862 Nanocomposites and Their Thermal and Mechanical Properties”, Compos. Part A-Appl. S., 42, 849-858.
Rattanadecho, P., Suwannapum, N., Chatveera, B., Atong, D. and Makul, N. (2008). “Development of Compressive Strength of Cement Paste Under Accelerated Curing by Using a Continuous Microwave Thermal Processor”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 472, 299- 307.
Sung, P.-C., Chiu, T.-H. and Chang, S.- C. (2014). “Microwave Curing of carbon Nanotubes/Epoxy Adhesives”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 104, 97-103.
Wattanachai, P. and Antonio, C. (2016). “Comparison of Conventional and Variable Frequency Microwave Curing of SU8 Photoresist: Effects on the Dielectric, Thermal, and Morphological Properties”, accepted to Eng. J. (to be published in Oct).
Wiesbrock, F., Hoogenboom, R. and Schubert, U.S. (2004). “Microwave- Assisted Polymer Synthesis: State-of- the-Art and Future Perspectives”, Macromol. Rapid Comm., 25, 1739- 1764.
Yarlagadda., P.K.D.V. and Cheok, E.C. (1999). “Study on the Microwave Curing of Adhesive Joints Using a Temperature-Controlled Feedback System”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 91, 128-149.
Yarlagadda, P.K.D.V. and Hsu, S.-H. (2004). “Experimental Studies on Comparison of Microwave Curing and Thermal Curing of Epoxy Resins Used for Alternative Mould Materials”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 155-156, 1532- 1538.
Zheng, Y., Jian, Z., Sun, Z. and Ren, H. (2014). “Effect of Microwave-Assisted Curing on Bamboo Glue Strength: Bonded by Thermosetting Phenolic Resin”, Constr. Build. Mater., 68, 320- 325.
Zhou, J., Shi, C., Mei, B., Yuan, R. and Fu, Z. (2003). “Research on the Technology and the Mechanical Properties of the Microwave Processing of Polymer”, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 137, 156-158.
Zvetkov, V.L., Simeronova-Ivanova, E. and Djoumaliisky, S. (2014). “Microwave curing of initially compatible epoxy-poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends: DSC kinetic study and nano-structure analysis”, Thermochim. Acta, 595, 43-50.
Published
2015-12-31
How to Cite
Wattanachai, P., Antonio, C., & Roces, S. (2015). Comparison of Thermal Properties of PCB Photoresist Films Cured by Different Technique. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 15(2), 20-32. Retrieved from https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/8876
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