Nanocellulose Production from Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EPOFB) Using Hydrolysis Followed by Freeze Drying

  • Irwan Hidayatullah Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40559, Indonesia
  • Emmanuella Maria Widyanti Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40559, Indonesia
  • Endang Kusumawati Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40559, Indonesia
  • Lidya Elizabeth Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ciwaruga, Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40559, Indonesia

Abstract

Empty palm oil fruit bunches (EPOFB) are lignocellulose which is abundantly available in Indonesia. EPOFB has big potential as raw materials to substitute wood in nanocellulose manufacture. The production of nanocellulose from EOPFB consists of various stages, such as preparation by grinding and sizing, α-cellulose isolation, acid hydrolysis, and freeze-drying. α-cellulose isolate from POEFB through delignification using 17.5% NaOH (w / v) at 80oC for 30 minutes and bleaching using 10% H2O2 (v / v) at 70oC for 15 minutes. The bleached cellulose was then hydrolyzed by acid hydrolysis process using 64% H2SO4 for 45 minutes with temperature variations to determine the effect of temperature on the size of nanocellulose. Obtained nanocellulose then dried with the freeze-drying method at a temperature of 50oC for 6 hours. The nanocellulose morphology was characterized using SEM analysis, and FTIR analysis was done to determine the presence of cellulose and lignin.  The smallest average diameter obtained at 50oC temperature is 86.8 nm with a 51.5 – 66.5 nm distribution range.

References

1. Alves, L., Medronho, B., Antunes, F. E., Fernández-García, M. P., Ventura, J., Araújo, J. P., Romano, A., & Lindman, B. (2015). ''Unusual extraction and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from cellulose derivatives''. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 210, 106–112.
2. Börjesson, M., & Westman, G. (2015). ''Crystalline Nanocellulose — Preparation, Modification, and Properties''. Cellulose - Fundamental Aspects and Current Trends.
3. Burhani, D., & Septevani, A. A. (2018). ''Isolation of nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches using strong acid hydrolysis''. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2024.
4. Direktorat jendral Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Hasil Pertanianl. (2019). Pedoman Pengolahan Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit. In Departemen Pertanian.
5. Douglas, S., Anne, C., Erik, M., Meine, van N., Joanne, G., Jacqui, S.-G., Karah, W., & Markku, K. (2009). ''The impacts and opportunities of oil palm in Southeast Asia''. In Occasional Papers. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
6. Dufresne, A. (2017). ''Cellulose nanomaterial reinforced polymer nanocomposites''. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 29, 1–8.
7. Hastati, D. Y., Hambali, E., Syamsu, K., & Warsiki, E. (2019). ''Preparation and Characterization of Nanocelluloses from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Cellulose''. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy, 98(8), 194–201.
8. Ilyas, R. A., Sapuan, S. M., & Ishak, M. R. (2018). ''Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from sugar palm fibers (Arenga Pinnata)''. Carbohydrate Polymers, 181, 1038–1051.
9. Kumar, A., Singh Negi, Y., Choudhary, V., & Kant Bhardwaj, N. (2020). ''Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced by Acid-Hydrolysis from Sugarcane Bagasse as Agro-Waste''. Journal of Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2(1), 1–8.
10. Kusmono, Listyanda, R. F., Wildan, M. W., & Ilman, M. N. (2020). ''Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystal extracted from ramie fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis''. Heliyon, 6(11), e05486. L
11. iu, Z., He, M., Ma, G., Yang, G., & Chen, J. (2019). ''Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from wheat straw and corn stalk''. Palpu Chongi Gisul/Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 51(2), 40–48.
12. Mehanny, S., Abu-El Magd, E. E., Ibrahim, M., Farag, M., Gil-San-Millan, R., Navarro, J., El Habbak, A. E. H., & El-Kashif, E. (2021). ''Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from three types of palm residues''. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10, 526–537.
13. Moniri, M., Moghaddam, A. B., Azizi, S., Rahim, R. A., Ariff, A. Bin, Saad, W. Z., Navaderi, M., & Mohamad, R. (2017). ''Production and status of bacterial cellulose in biomedical engineering''. Nanomaterials, 7(9), 1–26.
14. Mussatto, S. I., Rocha, G. J. M., & Roberto, I. C. (2008). ''Hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cellulose pulps obtained from brewer's spent grain''. Cellulose, 15(4), 641–649.
15. Padzil, F. N. M., Lee, S. H., Ainun, Z. M. A. ari, Lee, C. H., & Abdullah, L. C. (2020). ''Potential of oil palm empty fruit bunch resources in nanocellulose hydrogel production for versatile applications: A review''. Materials, 13(5).
16. Palm Oil. (2017). https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/commodities/palm-oil/item166
17. Rame. (2018). ''Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB): Existing Utilization and Current Trends Biorefinery in Indonesia''. E3S Web of Conferences, 31, 1–5.
18. Ramli, R., Junadi, N., Beg, M. D. H., & Yunus, R. M. (2015). ''Microcrystalline Cellulose ( MCC ) From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( EFB ) Fiber via Simultaneous Ultrasonic and Alkali Treatmen''t. 9(1), 8–11.
19. Septevani, A. A., Rifathin, A., Sari, A. A., Sampora, Y., Ariani, G. N., Sudiyarmanto, & Sondari, D. (2020). ''Oil palm empty fruit bunch-based nanocellulose as a super-adsorbent for water remediation''. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229 (May 2019), 115433.
20. Shanmugarajah, B., Kiew, P. L., Chew, I. M. L., Choong, T. S. Y., & Tan, K. W. (2015). ''Isolation of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB): Preliminary result on FTIR and DLS analysis''. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 45(October), 1705–1710.
21. Tayyab, M., Agriculture, F., Noman, A., Waheed, S., & Agriculture, F. (2017). ''Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass by environment-friendly pretreatment methods : A review''. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, December.
22. Theivasanthi, T., Anne Christma, F. L., Toyin, A. J., Gopinath, S. C. B., & Ravichandran, R. (2018). ''Synthesis and characterization of cotton fiber-based nanocellulose''. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109, 832–836.
23. Trache, D., Tarchoun, A. F., Derradji, M., Hamidon, T. S., Masruchin, N., Brosse, N., & Hussin, M. H. (2020). ''Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications''. In Frontiers in Chemistry (Vol. 8, Issue May).
24. Voronova, M. I., Zakharov, A. G., Kuznetsov, O. Y., & Surov, O. V. (2012). The effect of drying technique of nanocellulose dispersions on properties of dried materials. Materials Letters, 68, 164–167.
25. Widyanti, E. M., Kusumawati, E., Regiana, A., & Suminar, D. R. (2020). ''Production Nanocellulose from Raw Materials For Oil Palm Empty Bunches ( TKKS ) with Hydrolysis and Freeze Drying Methods''. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 742(012033).
26. Winter, A., Arminger, B., Veigel, S., Gusenbauer, C., Fischer, W., Mayr, M., Bauer, W., & Gindl-Altmutter, W. (2020). ''Nanocellulose from fractionated sulfite wood pulp''. Cellulose, 27(16), 9325–9336.
27. Wulandari, W. T., Rochliadi, A., & Arcana, I. M. (2016). ''Nanocellulose prepared by acid hydrolysis of isolated cellulose from sugarcane bagasse''. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 107(1).
28. Yang, X., Han, F., Xu, C., Jiang, S., Huang, L., Liu, L., & Xia, Z. (2017). Effects of preparation methods on the morphology and properties of nanocellulose (NC) extracted from corn husk. Industrial Crops and Products, 109(August), 241–247.
29. Zimmermann, M. V. G., Borsoi, C., Lavoratti, A., Zanini, M., Zattera, A. J., & Santana, R. M. C. (2016). ''Drying techniques applied to cellulose nanofibers''. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 35(8), 682–697.
Published
2021-06-30
How to Cite
Hidayatullah, I., Widyanti, E. M., Kusumawati, E., & Elizabeth, L. (2021). Nanocellulose Production from Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EPOFB) Using Hydrolysis Followed by Freeze Drying. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 21(1), 52-61. Retrieved from https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/9150
Issue
Vol 21 No 1 (2021)
Section
Articles

Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. 

Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.