https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/BKM Universitas Gadjah Mada en-US BKM Public Health and Community Medicine 0215-1936 https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/BKM/article/view/17860 <p><strong>Purpose:</strong> This study aims to determine the factors related to the incidence of HIV and AIDS among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at the HKBP (Huria Kristen Batak Protestan) AIDS Ministry in 2019–2021, as the only institution established to provide assistance and empowerment to PLWHA in the Toba Regency.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> This research employs an analytical, quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 172 respondents aged 15 to&nbsp;64 years who were selected as participants. The study's results were derived from data collected through interviews that utilized questionnaires, which were then analyzed using both univariate and bivariate analysis, including a chi-square statistical test.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the proportion of HIV incidence was 79.7% and AIDS incidence was 20.3%. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the variable history of infectious diseases (p &lt; 0.001) and the incidence of HIV and AIDS. There was no significant relationship between the variables gender (p = 0.462), education level (p = 0.859), occupation (p = 0.462), mode of transmission (p=0.254), and knowledge (p = 0.225) with the incidence of HIV and AIDS in the HKBP AIDS Ministry in 2019-2021.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> People who have a history of infectious diseases are at the highest risk of contracting HIV in the&nbsp;AIDS Ministry. Patients are expected to consume antiretroviral therapy routinely and pay more attention to handling and management of infectious diseases when having sexual intercourse.</p> FBA Ummiyah Rahayu Lubis Copyright (c) 2025 BKM Public Health and Community Medicine 2025-06-30 2025-06-30 e17860 e17860 10.22146/bkm.v41i06.17860 https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/BKM/article/view/20626 <p><strong>Purpose:</strong> <span style="font-weight: 400;">The purpose of this systematic review is to identify and synthesize the determinants of adolescent reproductive health service quality in rural Asian settings, to inform improvements in service delivery.</span></p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> This study is a systematic review conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to retrieve studies on factors affecting the quality of adolescent reproductive health services in rural Asia. After screening and eligibility assessment, 15 reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2024 met the predefined inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. These studies encompassed both quantitative and qualitative research designs. Relevant data on determinants of service quality were systematically extracted and analyzed using narrative synthesis to identify, categorize, and summarize recurring themes across the selected literature. </span></p> <p><strong>Results: </strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">The findings reveal that the reviewed studies identified a range of socio-cultural, geographical, and economic factors influencing the quality of adolescent reproductive health services. Socio-cultural factors emerged as prominent determinants, with issues such as stigma, traditional norms, and limited community support discouraging adolescents from utilizing available services. Geographical barriers included long distances to health facilities, inadequate transportation infrastructure, and the scarcity of services in remote areas, all of which constrain adolescents’ access to consistent and high-quality care. Economic challenges were also significant, encompassing both direct and indirect costs that often limit the ability of adolescents and their families to seek and sustain reproductive health services. These findings suggest that an interplay of cultural, spatial, and financial constraints often influences the quality of services in rural Asia. </span></p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Improving the quality of adolescent reproductive health services in rural Asia requires an integrated approach that addresses socio-cultural, geographic, and economic barriers. Key strategies include promoting community engagement, enhancing service accessibility in remote areas, and reducing financial constraints. These efforts are crucial to ensuring equitable access and better reproductive health outcomes for adolescents in rural settings.</span></p> Lintang Tanjung Sibarani Sudarto Ronoatmodjo Copyright (c) 2025 BKM Public Health and Community Medicine 2025-06-30 2025-06-30 e20626 e20626 10.22146/bkm.v41i06.20626