Reverse Engineering of Cajuput Oil Finished Product Using the Characteristics of Various Essential Oil Raw Materials by Principal Component Analysis
Abstract
Cajuput oil has been traditionally used by Indonesian to alleviate stomach aches, skin rashes, and help warm the body. Indonesia National Standard (SNI) 3954:2014 helps identify cajuput oil raw material from other essential oils. The claim of 100% cajuput oil products in the Indonesian market are presumed to comply with SNI. The objective of this paper is characterizing cajuput oil finished products along with samples of pure essential oils such as pure cajuput oil distilled from several locations in Indonesia, eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil, etc to show whether there is any difference in the molecular contents of the oils and compliance with SNI. We use various physical characterization tools such as refractometry, and polarimetry, alongside modern instrumental analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS data are interpreted traditionally. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram data are also processed with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It is then found that cajuput oil products contain combinations of various essential oils such as pure cajuput, eucalyptus, anise, and turpentine oil. Samples of cajuput oil products in the Indonesian market are found to not comply with SNI. PCA of various samples of finished products and raw materials shows clusters of them together. Addition of various essential oils and excipients help reduce the rancidity of the raw material used. We conclude that there is a difference between raw essential oils and finished products. PCA can be used to help discriminate between categories.
References
Arifah, M. F., Hastuti, A. A., & Rohman, A. (2022). Application of Molecular spectroscopy and chemometrics for authentication and quality control of tea (Camellia sinensis L.): a review. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 33(4), 554-565. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.4817
Badan Standardisasi Nasional, (2014). SNI 3954:2014 - Minyak Kayu Putih
Brereton, R.G. 2018. Principal Component Analysis and Unsupervised Pattern Recognition. John Wiley & Sons, Chapter 4, 163–214. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118904695.ch4
Buitinck, L., Louppe, G., Blondel, M., Pedregosa, F., Mueller, A., Grisel, O., Niculae, V., Prettenhofer, P., Gramfort, A., Grobler, J., Layton, R., Vanderplas, J., Joly, A., Holt, B., & Varoquaux, G. (2013). API design for machine learning software: experiences from the scikit-learn project. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1309.0238
Cagliero, C., Bicchi, C., Marengo, A., Rubiolo, P., & Sgorbini, B. (2021). Gas chromatography of essential oil: State of the art, recent advances and perspectives. Journal of separation science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202100681.
Ceremuga, T., McClellan, C., Green, X., Heber, B., Jolly, M., Malone, T., Schaaf, J., & Isaacs, A. (2017). Investigation of the Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole), a Compound From Eucalyptus, in the Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rat. AANA journal, 85 4, 277-284.
Fransz, J. J., Maail, R. S., & Titarsole, J. (2019). GC-MS ANALISIS TERHADAP KUALITAS MINYAK KAYU PUTIH ASAL PELITA JAYA KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT PROVINSI MALUKU. JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL, 3(2), 211–216
Gewers, F., Ferreira, G., Arruda, H., Silva, F., Comin, C., Amancio, D., & Costa, L. (2018). Principal Component Analysis. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 54, 1 - 34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447755.
International Organization for Standardization, (1998). ISO 280:1998 - Determination of Refractive Index
International Organization for Standardization, (1998). ISO 592:1998 - Determination of Optical Rotation
International Organization for Standardization, (2021). ISO 3065:2021 Third edition - Essential oil of Eucalyptus, Australian type
Kaklamanos, G., Eugenio, A., Georgios, T. 2020. Chemical analysis of food, Chapter 11: Mass spectrometry: principles and instrumentation. First edition. Academic Press.
LOWRY, J. B. (1973). A New Constituent of Biogenetic, Pharmacological and Historical Interest from Melaleuca cajeputi Oil. Nature, 241(5384), 61–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/241061a0
Marriott, P., Shellie, R., & Cornwell, C. (2001). Gas chromatographic technologies for the analysis of essential oils. Journal of chromatography. A, 936 1-2, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01314-0.
Merritt, C. (1970). The Combination of Gas Chromatography With Mass Spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 3, 263-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704927008081692.
Mohammed, H., Mohammed, S., Khan, O., & Ali, H. (2022). Topical Eucalyptol Ointment Accelerates Wound Healing and Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Rats' Skin Burn Model. Journal of oleo science. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess22214.
Rxi-5ms GC Capillary Column, 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 µm. (n.d.-b). https://www.restek.com/global/en/p/13423
Seol, G., & Kim, K. (2016). Eucalyptol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 929, 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_18.
Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., Van Der Walt, S. J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K. J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A. R. J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., … Vázquez-Baeza, Y. (2020). SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods, 17(3), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2
Xu, G., Guo, J., & Sun, C. (2021). Eucalyptol ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid haemorrhage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model. Pharmaceutical Biology, 59, 114 - 120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2021.1876101.
Yin, C., Liu, B., Wang, P., Li, X., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Tai, Y., Wang, C., & Liu, B. (2019). Eucalyptol alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis. British Journal of Pharmacology, 177, 2042 - 2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14967.
