Novel Insights into the Phytochemical Composition of Alkaloids and Flavonoids from Morinda citrifolia Exhibiting Multi-target Pharmacological Activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.23339Keywords:
Morinda citrifolia, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Pharmacological, Multi-targetAbstract
Metabolic and chronic inflammatory diseases often require a multitarget therapeutic approach. Morinda citrifolia is known as a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, particularly alkaloids and flavonoids, which have the potential to support such an approach. This study aimed to explore the chemical composition, biological activities, and potential molecular interactions of alkaloid and flavonoid extracts from M. citrifolia using both in vitro and in silico methods. Alkaloid and flavonoid extracts were selectively obtained from dried noni fruit powder using acid-base extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, respectively. Total compound content was determined spectrophotometrically, while compound characterization was performed using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS). Biological activity assays included antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticholesterol activities. Molecular docking analysis was conducted on four target enzymes: xanthine oxidase, COX-2, α-glucosidase, and HMG-CoA reductase. The flavonoid extract exhibited the strongest activity in the antioxidant (IC50 6.42 µg/mL), anti-inflammatory (11.89 µg/mL), and anticholesterol (13.16 µg/mL) assays, whereas the alkaloid extract showed the highest antidiabetic potential (IC50 5.29 µg/mL). LC-MS analysis identified five major compounds from each extract. In silico evaluation revealed that the compounds [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 4-oxochromen-3-yl] oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (F3) and (1S,2R,5R,6R,14R,16R)-N,N,6-trimethyl-5-[4-(3-methylpyridin-4-yl) butan-2-yl]-19-oxapentacyclo [14.2.1.01,9.02,6.011,16] nonadeca-9,11-dien-14-amine (A5) demonstrated the highest binding affinity across all four enzyme targets. The alkaloid and flavonoid extracts of M. citrifolia exhibit strong and complementary biological activities. The integration of in vitro and in silico approaches supports the potential of this plant as a phytochemical source for the development of multitarget natural therapeutics.
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Ifantri, D., & Rawar, E. A. (2023). Penetapan Kadar Alkaloid Total dalam Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mint (Mentha Piperita L.) Secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Duta Pharma Journal, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.47701/DJP.V3I1.2408
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Jomova, K., Alomar, S. Y., Valko, R., Liska, J., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2025b). Flavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 413, 111489. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBI.2025.111489
Kabir, A., & Muth, A. (2022). Polypharmacology: The science of multi-targeting molecules. Pharmacological Research, 176, 106055. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHRS.2021.106055
Kalra, S., & Raizada, N. (2024). Dyslipidemia in diabetes. Indian Heart Journal, 76, S80–S82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IHJ.2023.11.002
Kamel, E. M., Othman, S. I., Aba Alkhayl, F. F., Rudayni, H. A., Allam, A. A., & Lamsabhi, A. M. (2025). Mechanistic insights into alkaloid-based inhibition of squalene epoxidase: A combined in silico and experimental approach for targeting cholesterol biosynthesis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 302, 140609. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2025.140609
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Kiyama, R., & Wada-Kiyama, Y. (2025). Estrogenic actions of alkaloids: Structural characteristics and molecular mechanisms. Biochemical Pharmacology, 232, 116645. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BCP.2024.116645
Liu, N., Xu, H., Sun, Q., Yu, X., Chen, W., Wei, H., Jiang, J., Xu, Y., & Lu, W. (2021). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 1470380. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380
Lu, X., Xie, Q., Pan, X., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., Peng, G., Zhang, Y., Shen, S., & Tong, N. (2024). Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024 9:1, 9(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01951-9
Mich, M., Phaltevy Ung, R., Chab, S., Net, M., Kong, S., Tan, R., Say, M., Nat, Y., & Ping Tan, C. (2024). Alkaline Extraction of Protein from Sacha Inchi Oil Press-cake: Effect of pH, Temperature, and Extraction Time. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 07(01). https://doi.org/10.26502/JFSNR.2642-110000154
Nasim, N., Sandeep, I. S., & Mohanty, S. (2022). Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. The Nucleus, 65(3), 399. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13237-022-00405-3
Oleg, T., & Arthur J., O. (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Docking with a New Scoring Function, Efficient Optimization, and Multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
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Published
2026-06-18
How to Cite
Fusvita, A., Tee, S. A., Yodha, A. W. M., Daud, N. S. ., Idris, S. A., Arfan, A., & Sahidin, S. (2026). Novel Insights into the Phytochemical Composition of Alkaloids and Flavonoids from Morinda citrifolia Exhibiting Multi-target Pharmacological Activities. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.23339
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Section
Research Article
