Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy

Novel Biomarkers for Tuberculosis: Towards Affordable and Reliable Diagnostic Solutions

Meti Kusmiati — 2026-03-02

Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge—a situation further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted diagnosis and treatment efforts. Despite being preventable and curable, TB continues to be a major threat, ranking among the leading causes of infectious disease mortality. The unreliability and unaffordability of current diagnostic procedures underscore the need for new biomarkers and point-of-care testing solutions. Recent research has identified several potential biomarkers for diagnosing TB and differentiating between active and latent infections. This study was aimed to assess and identify a spectrum of biomarkers tuberculosis, including those for vaccine-induced protection, TB disease, TB risk, TB infection, and response to TB treatment. Article are identified from PubMed database with keyword tuberculosis, Biomarker, Diagnosis, Kit based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Biomarkers of vaccine induced protection is Rv1566-444. Biomarker of TB infection such as IP-10, IFN-γ, Ferritin and 25(OH)D; IL-1ra, IL-1β and GM-CSF; Fibronectin; HMGB1; Tpx-IgA, NCAM-1, vitronectin, CFH, Ferritin and α-2-macroglobulin; M. tuberculosis β-lactamase. Biomarkers of TB risk namely IFN-γ. Biomarker of TB infection consist of CCl6, IFN-γ, TIMP-1, IP-10/CCL19 and Ag85B. Biomarker of response to TB treatment such as IL-1β; IP-10 and suPAR. The most promising host biomarkers are IP-10 and IFN-γ, while Ag85B stands out as the most promising pathogen biomarker.

Systematic Review : Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Treatment

Ageng Aji Milendi — 2026-03-02

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and is estimated to cause huge global economic losses. Artificial intelligence (AI) has massively assisted in the diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of the most effective therapy for cancer patients. The utilization of AI is estimated to reduce healthcare expenditures. This study aimed to systematically review the implementation of AI and its cost-effectiveness in cancer treatment. The study followed PRISMA guidelines and utilized the PubMed database. The search strategy was conducted up to 2 September 2023 using three main keywords; “Cost-effectiveness analysis”, “Cancer”, and “Artificial intelligence”. From 1746 retrieved articles, a total of 11 articles were included in the analysis. Studies found two types of AI interventions in cancer; screening type intervention(n = 6; 55%) and surgery type (n = 5; 45%). Prostate cancer was the most frequently studied (n = 3; 27%). The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the implementation of AI was cost-effective (n=5, 46%), particularly in cancer screening intervention. The review highlights two main groups of AI interventions in cancer care: screening and cancer surgery. From a cost-effectiveness point of view, AI intervention in screening was the most cost-effective strategy in cancer. On the other hand, the AI implementation in surgery showed inconsistent findings, with many studies not fully addressing the full economic evaluation.

Association of Tacrolimus Variability and Adherence in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pheeraphat Sarppreuttikun — 2026-03-02

Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and exhibits high intrapatient variability (IPV) in its pharmacokinetics. Kidney transplant recipients with high IPV in tacrolimus exposure are at increased risk of graft rejection and failure. One potential contributor to tacrolimus IPV is drug adherence. However, the relationship between tacrolimus IPV and drug adherence remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the association between tacrolimus IPV and adherence among stable kidney transplant recipients by performing systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, OpenGrey, Scopus, Clinicaltrial.gov, Web of Science, CINAHL, and medRxiv were searched from inception through October 23, 2024. The focus was on observational studies and randomized controlled trials comparing tacrolimus IPV in adherence and non-adherence groups. To account for differences between studies, we used a random-effects model to analyze tacrolimus IPV, with standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Four studies were included for meta-analysis. All of which are observational studies with a pooled sample size of 790, divided into 655 participants in adherence group and 135 participants in non-adherence group. The pooled estimate found a statistically significant difference of tacrolimus IPV between adherence and non-adherence group (SMD -0.24, 95% CI: -0.44, -0.04; p=0.017; I²=0.0%). Recent observational research indicates a relationship between variability in tacrolimus concentration and adherence among stable kidney transplant recipients. However, due to the quality concerns and their limited number of these studies, it is important to exercise caution in interpreting these results.

Challenges and Strategies in Global Cosmetics Supervision

Mohamad Kashuri — 2026-03-02

This article presents an in-depth review of the regulatory complexities surrounding the cosmetics industry in various countries and evaluates the current efforts toward harmonization. It further analyzes the potential of intersectoral cooperation and technological advancements in shaping evidence-driven policy proposals for authorities, industry stakeholders, and other relevant actors seeking to improve regulatory oversight. Divergences in regulatory systems pose significant challenges, including market access restrictions, elevated compliance expenditures, and disruptions to international trade flows. Nonetheless, advancements in technology provide innovative tools to strengthen regulatory adherence and safeguard consumer health. These tools encompass digital infrastructures, centralized data repositories, artificial intelligence for risk assessment, and blockchain mechanisms for supply chain transparency. Achieving a balance between consumer safety, innovation facilitation, and market accessibility calls for a regulatory architecture that is both dynamic and internationally aligned. In addition, promoting global collaboration, integrating cutting-edge assessment technologies, and reinforcing synergies among regulators, academic institutions, and industry players are critical to enhancing regulatory effectiveness and public health protection. Ultimately, the review contributes actionable perspectives that support the development of a resilient and globally consistent regulatory ecosystem for cosmetic products.

Complexes of Pentagamavunon-1 and Lactosylated Albumin for Enhancing the Cytotoxic Effect on Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Fea Prihapsara — 2026-03-02

PGV-1 exhibits potential as an anticancer drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and this study focuses on enhancing its solubility and cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells. To achieve this, complexes were developed by combining Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with lactose, aiming to improve the bioavailability of PGV-1 as an anticancer agent. Subsequently, these complexes were further modified through lactosylation, resulting in PGV-1-loaded lactosylated BSA (PGV-1+BSA+Lac), with the purpose of increasing their cytotoxic effects on HCC cells. The glycation of BSA with d-lactose was conducted under dry-heat conditions at 60°C for various durations (0, 30, 60, 120, or 240 minutes). Monitoring the extent of BSA glycation involved assessing the availability of free peptide and examining the molecular weight profile. A straightforward formulation was proposed, involving the complexation of BSA lactosylated with PGV-1. The solubility of PGV-1 in aqueous solutions was assessed with varying amounts of BSA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through an MTT assay using the HLF liver cancer cell line. The results revealed distinct variations in BSA conjugation depending on the duration of heating. Modified BSA exhibited reduced peptide availability and slower migration in SDS/PAGE. Notably, PGV-1 demonstrated significantly higher solubility when combined with BSA+Lac, as compared to PGV-1+BSA. The IC₅₀ values for PGV-1+BSA+Lac in HLF cells (0.008±0.002 µM) were markedly lower than those for PGV-1 (0.437±0.002 µM) and PGV-1+BSA (0.631±0.002 µM), highlighting the potent inhibitory effect of PGV-1+BSA+Lac on HLF cell proliferation. These findings suggest that PGV-1+BSA+Lac complexes hold promise as potential candidates for targeted PGV-1 delivery in HCC therapy

The Potential of Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for the Expression of Dengue Virus' rE Gene with pEGFP-N1 Vector in HeLa Cells

Muhammad Rizky Muzakki — 2026-03-02

Dengue virus (DENV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective preventative strategies. DNA vaccines hold great potential for addressing viral infections, but they often face challenges in gene delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles have emerged as a biocompatible, non-toxic carrier for enhancing DNA delivery. This study evaluates chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system for the recombinant envelope (rE) gene from the four DENV serotypes. The pEGFP-N1-rE plasmid (N1-rE) was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α, with colony PCR, restriction analysis, and sequencing confirming accurate gene insertion. N1-rE was complexed with chitosan nanoparticles at various DNA mass ratios (wt./wt.), with optimal complex formation at a 1:0.5 ratio as confirmed by gel retardation assays. The complex exhibited stability against DNase I and fetal bovine serum and non-toxicity to HeLa cells, with 91.24% cell viability. The chitosan-DNA complex had an average size of 217.4 nm and a zeta potential of -21.9 mV. Confocal microscopy, RT-PCR, and qPCR analyses confirmed successful transfection of the N1-rE/CH complex into HeLa cells, with fluorescence detection, a 134 bp amplicon, and a 10.63-fold increase in gene expression, respectively. These results highlight the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as an effective delivery platform for targeted gene delivery, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches against DENV infection.

Methyleugenol Enhances the Anticancer Effect of Chemotherapeutic Drug and Boosts Chemotherapy Drug Tolerance

Der-An Tsao — 2026-03-02

Chemotherapy plays an important role in treating lung cancer. Chemotherapy drugs usually have good therapeutic effect, but due to the side effects, the dose needs to be considered. The use of non-toxic adjuvant natural product combined with chemotherapy drugs will be an important treatment mode in the future. The purpose of this study is to use non-toxic natural product (methyleugenol) to increase the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin) on lung cancer and investigate the toxic effect of methyleugenol combined with chemotherapeutic agents on drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Methyleugenol combined with doxorubicin treated lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line and established drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549DoxR) were used in the study. The methods including proliferation assay, cell wound healing assay, colony formation assay, DNA fragmentation assay, gelatin zymography assay, comet assay, reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot were adopted. The results showed methyleugenol significantly enhanced doxorubicin inhibited the cell growth, the cell colony formation, the cell migration, and the metastasis of A549 cells and A549DoxR cells. Methyleugenol strengthened doxorubicin to induce apoptosis and autophagy of A549 cells and A549DoxR cells. Methyleugenol can significantly enhance the treatment effect of chemotherapy drugs in lung cancer and strengthened the toxic effect of chemotherapy drugs on drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Methyleugenol can be developed to be used as an adjuvant to assist Chemotherapy drugs s and is targeted to clinically treat patients with multidrug resistance.

The Nephroprotective Effect of Andrographis Paniculata Ethanol Extract Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Nanoparticles on Vero Cell

Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan — 2026-03-03

Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) comprises andrographolide, a compound characterized by inherently low bioavailability. Consequently, it is formulated into nanoparticles to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. Andrographolide ables to fight free radicals that cause cell death. This study was conducted to determine nephroprotective activity of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based Andrographis paniculata nanoparticles in vero cell line. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) were tested for cytotoxicity and nephroprotective activity. Nephroprotective tests consisted of acute nephroprotection, chronic nephroprotection, and recovery tests using concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ppm. The protective effect was tested by administering nanoparticles, followed by H₂O₂. The recovery effect was tested by administering H₂O₂, followed by nanoparticles. All tests were carried out using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl tiazol-2-il)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method and data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles (50 – 1000 ppm) did not have any toxic effect on Vero cell line. Nanoparticles provide nephroprotective activity based on concentration-dependent trend. High concentration nanoparticles (500 ppm) were able to provide better acute protective effect than vitamin E. Nanoparticles 500 ppm provided a better recovery effect (p<0,05) than vitamin E, but the chronic protection effect was lower than vitamin E. it can be concluded that Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract nanoparticles with concentration of 500 ppm provide effective nephroprotective activity against H₂O₂-induced toxicity in Vero cells line.

Validation of HPLC Method for Timolol Maleate Determination in Nano-Polymeric Formula

Muhammad Sulaiman — 2026-03-02

In this study, a sensitive, selective, and precise HPLC method for the detection of timolol maleate (TM), one of the anti-haemangioma ß-blockers, in nano-polymeric formulation was developed. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a mobile phase of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH=3.5: acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) in isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min on Luna Phenomenex C18 ODS column (150mm x 4.6mm, 5μm). Validation has been performed on the method's system suitability, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The results showed that the precision and uniformity values of the nanoparticle samples were within an acceptable range for both between and within days. The retention time of timolol maleate was observed to be around 6.8 minutes in the absence of any peak intervention. The standard curve exhibited a strong linear relationship, and the recovery values satisfied the specified range criteria consistently over a period of three consecutive days. After different ways of making sample preparations, which should affect the amount of contained drug, the employed technique successfully determined the percentage of drugs encapsulation in a nanopolymer formulation with dependable outcomes. The penetration profile of the nanoparticle formula and free drugs on mouse skin membranes was successfully determined utilizing the same approach that had previously undergone an extra verification step. The improved and validated method has proven its reliability and suitability in measuring the amount of timolol maleate in nano-polymer products to evaluate the efficiency of encapsulation and its penetration profile, which is a crucial factor in building drug delivery systems utilizing nanotechnology.

Physical Properties, Stability, and Biological Activity of a Combination Sunscreen Emulgel Formulation Containing Octyl Methoxycinnamate and Hexagamavunon-5: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Purbandari Ajeng Sarweningtyas — 2026-03-03

OMC (Octyl Methoxycinnamate) has intense sunscreen activity, but susceptible to photodegradation upon exposure to UV light, leading to the formation of free radicals. The incorporation of antioxidants can mitigate UV-induced degradation and preserve OMC in its trans configuration, thereby maintaining its photoprotective efficacy. Hexagamavunon-5 (HGV-5) contains phenolic hydroxyl groups and conjugated double bonds, which are key to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we develop a sunscreen emulgel formulation combining OMC and HGV-5 to improve activity and stability. The Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was applied to optimize emulsion (Tween 80, Span 80, and Paraffin Liquid) using Design Expert (DE). The DE obtained 14 runs and testing the responses to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula of the emulsion was then made into five(5) emulgel preparation. The emulgel were tested in vitro to determine percent transmission of erythema (%TE), percent transmission of pigmentation (%TP), and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values as presenting of photostability test. The best formula of emulgel determines the in vivo irritation test, physical characterization, and stability test. HGV-5 has an IC₅₀ value of 8,46 ppm (strong antioxidant activity), indicating potential as a stabilizer agent for UV filters. The DE chosen as the optimum formula of emulsion were Tween 80 3.15% (v/v), Span 80 3.75% (v/v), and Paraffin Liquid 3.1% (v/v). F4 showed good photostability and obtained SPF values in the ultra protection category and %TE and %TP in the sunblock category. Referring to the storage results, the optimum formula was stable for a month. The irritation test of F4 showed that the PII value was 0 in the treatment group compared to the control group. F4 revealed that does not cause irritation, so it can be concluded that F4 is safe.

Antiangiogenic Activity of 4–Chloro–Phenyl–Carbothioamide Derivatives In Ex Vivo‏ ‏and In Vitro Experimental Study

Zainab M Ali — 2026-03-02

Angiogenesis is a crucial and critical ‎process in growth and development ‎that ‎has received ‎study attention in recent decades.‎ Angiogenesis inhibitors are one of the cornerstones of modern ‎anticancer treatments, tumour develop resistance to drugs rapidly, thus providing new agents is ‎crucial for patient’s survival.‎ The study investigated the effect of different concentrations of the novel ‎4–chloro–phenyl–‎carbothioamide derivative using different angiogenesis assays.‎ The present study examined the potential antiangiogenic, antioxidant, and ‎cytotoxic properties of a carbothioamide indole derivative and assessed VEGF gene expression.‎ The tested indole derivative's antiangiogenic efficacy was assessed using the ex-vivo rat ‎aorta ring (RAR) assay. The DPPH test for scavenging activity was utilized to clarify the most ‎likely cause of its antiangiogenic action. The MTT assay assessed the proliferation of the HUVEC ‎cell line while the expression of the VEGF gene in the colon cancer (HCT116) cell line was ‎analysed.‎ The evaluated drug exhibited antiangiogenic efficacy with an IC₅₀ value of 17.99µg/ml in ‎the RAR assay. The drug successfully reduced the DPPH free radical in a concentration-dependent ‎manner (IC₅₀ = 100.30 µg/ml). The evaluated drug exhibited negligible to non-toxic effects on the ‎HUVEC cell line, with an IC₅₀ value of 733.60 μg/ml. It significantly downregulates the VEGF ‎gene expression in HCT116 cells at 400 µg/ml.‎ In conclusion, the 2-NHC compound exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-angiogenesis ‎effects with minimum toxicity against normal human cells. 2-NHC appears to downregulate the ‎VEGF gene expression in colon cancer cell lines.

Effectiveness Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil Ointment On The Healing Process Of Incision Wounds In Mice

Resti Rahayu — 2026-03-03

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae contain proteins and fatty acids that have significant potential in enhancing the wound healing process. However, the application of BSF larvae oil in the form of a wound ointment has not been extensively explored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of BSF larvae oil ointment application on the wound healing process (wound morphology, skin histology, and modulation of leukocyte components) in an incision wound model. This experimental study used a completely randomized design with Balb/c mice as test subjects. The test subjects were divided into six different groups: no treatment (NT), gentamicin ointment (GTC), ointment base (OB), and BSF larvae oil ointment 5% (BSFO 5%), BSF larvae oil ointment 10% (BSFO 10%), and BSF larvae oil ointment 15% (BSFO 15%). The ointment was applied twice a day at 0.15 g per application, and wound healing parameters were observed over 14 days. The results showed that BSFO 5% significantly improved wound morphology, reduced wound length, and enhanced histological components of the wound compared to the control and all other treatments. Additionally, BSFO 5% was able to normalize leukocyte levels after 14 days. Furthermore, BSFO 15% was proven effective in modulating lymphocyte levels compared to other groups. These findings emphasize the potential use of BSF larvae oil ointment in enhancing wound healing and regulating immune responses by increasing lymphocyte levels, and open new opportunities for future technology development in wound therapy and care.

Isolation and Characterization of Zerumbone Isolated from Zingiber aromaticum

Riri Fauziyya — 2026-03-03

Zerumbone, a monocyclic sesquiterpene compound predominantly found in the rhizomes of lempuyang (Zingiber aromaticum), exhibits diverse biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and gastroprotective effects. This study presents an optimized method for isolation, characterization, and purity analysis of zerumbone from the ethanolic extract of Z. aromaticum. The isolation process employed column chromatography with a gradient eluent system (n-hexane:ethyl acetate in ratios of 19:1 and 9:1) to separate compounds based on polarity differences. The extract and fractions were monitored using thin layer chromatography (TLC) under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Characterization of isolated zerumbone was performed using multiple spectroscopic techniques, including TLC against reference standard, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The purified isolate demonstrated a yield of 11.2%, representing a significant improvement over previously reported methods (0.87–2.26%). TLC analysis with three different solvent systems consistently showed single spots, confirming high purity. UV-Vis analysis revealed maximum absorption at 252 nm, identical to the zerumbone standard. LC-MS/MS analysis identified a molecular ion peak at m/z 219.26 [M+H]⁺ with matching retention time and fragmentation pattern to the reference standard. IR spectroscopy identified functional groups characteristic of zerumbone, such as carbonyl and double-bond stretches. This efficient isolation method, yielding a highly purified compound, demonstrate its potential to support zerumbone’s application in pharmaceutical development.

Knowledge, attitude and behavior of antibiotic use among the population of Ho Chi Minh City: A cross-sectional study in 2024

Uyen Thi Hai Nguyen — 2026-03-03

Antibiotics are a great invention, and their birth marks a new era of medical advancement in treating infectious diseases. However, inappropriate use of antibiotics is a threat to global health and development. A descriptive cross-sectional survey using a convenience sampling method was conducted on 589 people in Ho Chi Minh City from April to June 2024. Among 589 people in Ho Chi Minh City with an average age of 34.86 ± 14.74, most participants were female (54.84%), college and above (75.72%), single (64.01%) and used antibiotics in the past year (75.04%). The total average scores of knowledges, attitude and behavior were 66.03 ± 22.28, 69.51 ± 16.81, and 76.42 ± 15.79, respectively. Linear regression results show that occupational, antibiotic use in the past year is related to knowledge (p < 0.05), and antibiotic use in the past year is related to attitude and behavior of antibiotic use (p < 0.05). People in Ho Chi Minh City have average-high levels of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding antibiotic use. There are differences in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors between groups of participants with different characteristics.

Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Geriatric Outpatients’ Prescriptions in Yogyakarta: Patterns and Associated Factors

Laksmi Maharani — 2026-03-03

We commonly found potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in the prescriptions of geriatric patients and widely assessed them using the Beers Criteria and the STOPP/START tool. In this study, we aimed to assess the patterns of PIMs in geriatric outpatients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and the factors related to their occurrence. We conducted this study at two teaching hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using a retrospective observational design. The data source included medical records of the outpatients aged ≥60 years during August to October 2022. The 2019 AGS Beers® Criteria and the STOPP_INA tool, based on STOPP/START version 2, were used to evaluate PIMs from the prescriptions. We analyzed several predictors, including multimorbidity, polypharmacy, age, sex, health insurance, and working status, using logistic regression. This study identified 193 cases of PIMs in 135 patients (34.35%) out of the 393 subjects, with 67 cases according to the Beers Criteria and 141 cases according to STOPP_INA. We found that the most common drugs causing PIMs in geriatric patients were aspirin and benzodiazepines. Polypharmacy emerged as the strongest predictor of PIMs occurrence (p < 0.05). Polypharmacy significantly influenced the prevalence of PIMs in outpatient geriatric prescriptions. Therefore, there is a pressing need for vigilant monitoring and meticulous drug selection by healthcare providers when prescribing for the elderly population to mitigate the potential risks associated with PIMs.

Sociodemographic Differences in Parental Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination for Children Aged 6–11 Years in Indonesia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Nurul Mardiati — 2026-03-03

COVID-19 remains a critical public health challenge, particularly for children, despite their lower mortality rates. Vaccination is essential in controlling COVID-19, yet coverage among Indonesian children aged 6–11 years remains suboptimal. Understanding parental acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination and related sociodemographic factors is crucial for enhancing vaccination rates. This study investigatesthe association between sociodemographic factors—including parental age, relationship to the child (mother or father), marital status, number of children, child's age, religion, educational level, occupation, field of work (healthcare or non-healthcare), monthly income, and primary COVID-19 information source—and parental acceptance of vaccination for children aged 6–11 in Indonesia.Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected through an online questionnaire from 400 parents across Indonesia. Sociodemographic data and vaccination acceptance were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. The results revealed a high parental acceptance rate of 93.5% for COVID-19 vaccination Marital status (p=0.003) and number of children (p=0.018)were significantly associated with acceptance, with married parents 2.673 times more likely to accept vaccination for their children than single parents. Other sociodemographic factors showed no significant association with vaccination acceptance.These findings highlight the influenceoffamily structure onparental acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Understandingsociodemographic influences can guidetargeted public health initiatives. Future vaccination campaigns should account forfamily dynamics and address potential barriers to ensureequitable vaccination access and strengthencommunity resilience.