Current Advances in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Chemotherapy: A Literature Review
Keywords:
triple-negative breast cancer; chemotherapy
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of subtypes of cancer with the most associated death. With more than 20% of breast cancer patients having this subtype, an effective and safe chemotherapy is needed to ensure complete pathomorphological response. Currently, therapies for TNBC patients are divided into systemic therapy regimens for operable or non-operable diseases, with non-operable diseases mostly treated with targeted therapies such as pembrolizumab in tandem with other chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel, gemcitabine or carboplatin. TNBC patients whom tumor is operable underwent additional step such as preoperative systemic therapy, which offers several advantages than chemotherapy alone. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), which consist of mainly drugs from therapeutic classes such as anthracycline and taxanes, is used with limited success (23%) and decreased recurrence rates. Optimal method for treating TNBC is still lacking, therefore the need for further research regarding chemotherapy for TNBC with higher success rate and better prognosis for the patients is paramount.
References
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2. Dent, R. et al. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Clinical Features and Patterns of Recurrence. Clinical Cancer Research 13, 4429–4434 (2007).
3. Lin, N. U. et al. Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: High incidence of central nervous system metastases. Cancer 113, 2638–2645 (2008).
4. Gluz, O. et al. Triple-negative breast cancer—current status and future directions. Annals of Oncology 20, 1913–1927 (2009).
5. Zhang, L. et al. Androgen Receptor, EGFR, and BRCA1 as Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. BioMed Research International 2015, 1–12 (2015).
6. Alkabban, F. M. & Ferguson, T. Breast Cancer. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2023).
7. Clark, B. Z. et al. Breast cancer global tumor biomarkers: a quality assurance study of intratumoral heterogeneity. Mod Pathol 32, 354–366 (2019).
8. Kitamura, M. et al. Progression Potential of Ductal Carcinoma in situ Assessed by Genomic Copy Number Profiling. Pathobiology 86, 92–101 (2019).
9. Liedtke, C. et al. Systematic analysis of parameters predicting pathological axillary status (ypN0 vs. ypN+) in patients with breast cancer converting from cN+ to ycN0 through primary systemic therapy (PST). Clin Exp Metastasis 35, 777–783 (2018).
10. Orrantia-Borunda, E., Anchondo-Nuñez, P., Acuña-Aguilar, L. E., Gómez-Valles, F. O. & Ramírez-Valdespino, C. A. Subtypes of Breast Cancer. in Breast Cancer (ed. Mayrovitz, H. N.) (Exon Publications, 2022).
11. Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D. & Jemal, A. Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 67, 7–30 (2017).
12. Brewer, H. R., Jones, M. E., Schoemaker, M. J., Ashworth, A. & Swerdlow, A. J. Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure. Breast Cancer Res Treat 165, 193–200 (2017).
13. Washbrook, E. Risk factors and epidemiology of breast cancer. Women’s Health Medicine 3, 8–14 (2006).
14. Horn, J. & Vatten, L. J. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors of breast cancer: a historical perspective. Int J Womens Health 9, 265–272 (2017).
15. Dall, G. V. & Britt, K. L. Estrogen Effects on the Mammary Gland in Early and Late Life and Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 7, 110 (2017).
16. Soroush, A. et al. The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Populations: A Meta-analysis. J Cancer Prev 21, 294–301 (2016).
17. Bethea, T. N. et al. A case-control analysis of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer subtypes in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. Breast Cancer Res 17, 22 (2015).
18. Beral, V. & Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362, 419–427 (2003).
19. Liu, J.-Y., Chen, T.-J. & Hwang, S.-J. The Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Using Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13, 482 (2016).
20. Narod, S. A. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8, 669–676 (2011).
21. Hamajima, N. et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 87, 1234–1245 (2002).
22. Jung, S. et al. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor status: in a pooled analysis of 20 studies. Int J Epidemiol 45, 916–928 (2016).
23. Makarem, N., Chandran, U., Bandera, E. V. & Parekh, N. Dietary fat in breast cancer survival. Annu Rev Nutr 33, 319–348 (2013).
24. Knight, J. A. et al. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in combination: A predictor of contralateral breast cancer risk in the WECARE study. Int J Cancer 141, 916–924 (2017).
25. Catsburg, C., Miller, A. B. & Rohan, T. E. Active cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 136, 2204–2209 (2015).
26. Gaudet, M. M. et al. Pooled analysis of active cigarette smoking and invasive breast cancer risk in 14 cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 46, 881–893 (2017).
27. McKenzie, F. et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer in a New Zealand multi-ethnic case-control study. PLoS One 8, e63132 (2013).
28. Kispert, S. & McHowat, J. Recent insights into cigarette smoking as a lifestyle risk factor for breast cancer. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press) 9, 127–132 (2017).
29. Koo, M. M. et al. Typical and atypical presenting symptoms of breast cancer and their associations with diagnostic intervals: Evidence from a national audit of cancer diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol 48, 140–146 (2017).
30. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer (2.2023). (2023).
31. Yagata, H., Kajiura, Y. & Yamauchi, H. Current strategy for triple-negative breast cancer: appropriate combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Breast Cancer 18, 165–173 (2011).
32. Jwa, E. et al. Locoregional Recurrence by Tumor Biology in Breast Cancer Patients after Preoperative Chemotherapy and Breast Conservation Treatment. Cancer Res Treat 48, 1363–1372 (2016).
33. Chen, V. E. et al. Pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts locoregional control in patients with triple negative breast cancer. Adv Radiat Oncol 2, 105–109 (2017).
34. Brandão, M., Reyal, F., Hamy, A.-S. & Piccart-Gebhart, M. Neoadjuvant treatment for intermediate/high-risk HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers: no longer an ‘option’ but an ethical obligation. ESMO Open 4, e000515 (2019).
35. von Minckwitz, G. et al. Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 15, 747–756 (2014).
36. Lai, E. et al. Drug-related toxicity in breast cancer patients: a new path towards tailored treatment?—a narrative review. Precis Cancer Med 5, 15–15 (2022).
Published
2025-01-09
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