Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy

Cytotoxicity of hantap (Sterculia oblongata Mast) leaves extracts against breast cancer cell line (T47D): effect on apoptosis and caspase-3 mRNA expression

2024-09-27T11:34:40+07:00

Hantap (Sterculia oblongata Mast) leaves has been traditionally used in Palu, Central Sulawesi to treat breast cancer. However, its scientific evidence is limited. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of hantap leaf extracts against T47D breast cancer cells. The apoptotic activity of the extracts and its effect on caspase expression were also evaluated. The extracts were prepared by multilevel maceration using n-hexane, methanol, and water. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptotic activity was observed by using a fluorescence microscope after acridine orange-propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, whereas the caspase-3 mRNA expression was examined by using RT-PCR. Among the 3 tested extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀value of 85 μg/mL. The methanol extract at concentrations of 42.5 μg/mL (½IC₅₀), 85 μg/mL (IC₅₀), and 170 μg/mL (2IC₅₀) induced 127.25, 85.50, 479.5% of cell apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, the methanol extract at concentrations of ½IC₅₀, IC₅₀, and 2IC₅₀ increased 1.04, 1.43 and 1.69 time higher of caspase-3 mRNA expression. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of hantap leaf exhibits cytotoxicity against T47D breast cancer cells, by inducing apoptosis and increasing caspase-3 mRNA expression.

Tamarindus indica increases the stability of jamu kunyit-asam herbal suspension over Citrus aurantifolia

2024-09-27T11:35:10+07:00

Rapid shelf-life of traditional supplementary drink still becomes major issue for herbal production in household industries. In this study the stability formula of an herbal suspension, so called as jamu kunyit-asam, was investigated. The jamu kunyit-asam Formula-1 (F1) contains combination of Citrus aurantifolia and Curcuma longa. While the Formula-2 (F2) is consisted by mixture of Tamarindus indica and C. longa. The two formulas were compared to justify better stability between preparations. No preservatives were added, in order to comply with the local regulation. To simulate the real situation, all samples were stored in 4 different conditions: opened bottle (room temperature), closed bottle (room temperature), closed bottle (refrigerator), and freeze-thaw condition. To evaluate the stability profile, an organoleptic testing and pH alteration were frequently checked for 12 consecutive days. Several parameters including color changing, sting odor, and microscopic appearance were looked over. As the results, mold, precipitation and pungent odor were formed faster from the F1 (C. aurantifolia combined with C. longa). These findings indicates that jamu kunyit-asam herbal drink suspensions containing C. longa has less stability in combination with the C. aurantifolia (F1) compared to the T. indica (F2).

Coral plant (Jatropha multifida L) leaf extracts inhibit dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) growth through NS5

2024-09-27T11:34:46+07:00

The incidence of dengue fever (DF) increases drastically from year to year, especially in tropical countries like Indonesia. In contrast, antiviral against dengue virus (DENV) is not available in clinics, yet. Jatropha multifica L, locally named tanaman yodium/coral plant, is a medicinal plant that is traditionally used to treat dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). However, its scientific evidence is limited. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of J. multifida L leaf extracts against DENV-2 and evaluate the effect on NS5 RNA expression. The leaf extracts were prepared by multilevel extraction using chloroform and methanol. The study was conducted in vitro using DEN-2 and Vero cells. The antiviral activity was assessed by using qRT-PCR to assess the number of virus copies and then used to calculate the inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50). The effect of the most active extract on NS5 DENV-2 RNA expression was then evaluated by using qRT-PCR. Among 4 extracts tested, the methanolic insoluble chloroformic extract (MIS) is the most active with an IC50 value of 124.3 μg/mL. Furthermore, the MIS (0.02) strongly inhibited NS5 DENV-2 RNA expression compared to control (1.0). In conclusion, the MIS of J. multifida is active against DENV-2 through inhibition of NS5 RNA expression.

Rationality of antibiotics prescription on pneumonia patients at the Indonesia Air Force Center Hospital (RSPAU) Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito, Yogyakarta

2024-09-27T11:34:43+07:00

Irrational antibiotic prescriptions on pneumonia patients is common in hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the rationality of antibiotics prescription on pneumonia patients at the Indonesia Air Force Center Hospital (RSPAU) Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito, Yogyakarta. It was a cross-sectional study using prescriptions for inpatients and outpatients suspected of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) submitted to the Medical Record Installation. All prescribed drugs, including their dosage, duration, route of administration, and demographic information of patients were extracted. The rationality of antibiotic use was then evaluated using the Gyssens and PCNE methods by assessing the antibiotic use with standard treatments based on the Clinical Pathway of RSPAU Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito, Yogyakarta and the Guideline for the Use of Antibiotics of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia number 28 in 2021. A total of 124 pneumonia patient prescriptions were evaluated. The rationality of antibiotic prescriptions based on the Gyssens and PCNE criteria were 65.7% and 65.26%, respectively. The irrational of antibiotics based on the Gyssens method consisted of incomplete antibiotic prescription (2.90%), antibiotics not indicated (2.23%), medications prescribed cost more than substitute medications (8.20%), and less duration of medications (19.40%). Furthermore, the irrationality of antibiotics based on the PCNE method consisted of untreated symptoms or indications (8.33%), treatment issues related to cost-effectiveness (1.39%), too short duration of medications (23.61%), and incorrect medication administration or dosage interval timing (1.39%). In conclusion, in general, the antibiotics prescription on pneumonia patients at the RSPAU Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito was rational. However, this rationality can still be improved.

The effect of zinc and probiotics supplements in children under 5 years old with diarrhea

2024-09-27T11:35:05+07:00

The 2020 Indonesian Health Profile states that diarrhea is an endemic disease that has the potential to cause extraordinary events. Diarrhea is still one of the contributors to death in Indonesia, especially in children under 5 years old. This study aimed to evaluate the use of zinc and probiotic supplementation on the length of stay (LoS) of patients under 5 years old with diarrhea. It was an observational study using medical records of patients under 5 years old with diarrhea at the Academic Hospital, UGM Yogyakarta in the period of 2021 to 2022. Patient characteristics, including use and medications such as zinc supplementation and probiotics, as well as clinical outcomes including LoS were obtained from 100 medical records. Data were analyzed using chi square from Microsoft Excel 365 & Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) with a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The majority of patients were male (61%) with age range 12-23 mo (47%), 3-4 times frequency of diarrhea (69%), dehydration mild-moderate (89%), and acute diarrhea (96%). The treatment of diarrhea was antidiarrheal (44.81%), fluid rehydration (32.55%), and antibiotics (22.64%). Most patients left the hospital in an improved condition and were allowed to go home (92%). There is a significant relationship between the use of zinc, probiotics, and a combination of zinc and probiotics on LoS.

Single nucleotide polymorphism of AGT rs699 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and ACE inhibitors response: a narrative review

2024-09-27T11:35:01+07:00

Hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease that affects more than one billion people in the world. Angiotensinogen in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the main precursor encoded by angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and plays an important role in the development of hypertension. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of AGT gene is thought related to the pathogenesis of hypertension and angiotensinogen levels in plasma that may affect response to ACE inhibitors. This article reviewed the association of SNP AGT rs699 with the pathogenesis of hypertension and ACE inhibitors response. A total of 14 articles published from 1995 to 2023 were collected from databases including NCBI, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Several studies in different populations have been conducted and showed various results. The T allele or TT genotype of AGT rs699 was associated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the association between AGT rs699 and ACE inhibitor response shows inconsistent results, thus further research is needed.

Comparison ondansetron and domperidon as antiemetic for gastroenteritis in children: a review

2024-09-27T11:34:57+07:00

Gastroenteritis (GE) is the leading cause of vomiting in children. It is the main reason children admitted into emergency departments (EDs). Vomiting can cause fluid loss therefore oral rehydration solution (ORT) is recommended as supportive care for mild to moderate dehydration. Antiemetic therapy for GE is not fully recommended by any management guidelines. However, in some studies, antiemetics including ondansetron and domperidone are used in vomiting-related GE. This review aimed to compare ondansetron and domperidone for the treatment of GE in children. The article search was performed to identify relevant publications using PubMed database PubMed. PRISMA flow diagram was used as protocol during the article screening process. Eight

Adverse effects of fentanyl/midazolam among patients of intensive care unit (ICU): a narrative review

2024-09-27T11:34:36+07:00

Patients of intensive care unit (ICU) have a complicated condition due to disease, comorbid, and other risk factors. Some ICU patients need to get an invasive process to reduce pain, anxiety, and support their condition. During an invasive process, including mechanical ventilation which causes pain or anxiety, the patient is given
sedative and analgesic agents to support the procedure and reduce the patient’s pain and anxiety. However, the use of fentanyl/midazolam has the potential to cause adverse effects, for instance, hypotension, hypoxia, and delirium in several ICU patients. Several risk factors that can lead to adverse effects are aging, obesity, underlying cardiac disease, and the amount of dosage. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the risk factors and monitor the use of fentanyl/midazolam to prevent the worsening condition of patients.

Clinical application of dendrimer in cancer and COVID-19 therapy: a review

2024-09-27T11:34:52+07:00

Dendrimers are nanoparticles with unique characteristics. These characteristics allow these nanoparticles to be widely applied in medicine. It can be used as a therapy for various types of cancer. The dendrimers can also been use an alternative to accelerating the diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19. This review aimed to delve deeper into the myriad clinical applications of dendrimers in the treatment of various cancers and its potential use for the treatment or diagnosis of COVID-19. The databases used for this review were Google Scholar and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria for this review are articles published in 2018-2023. Articles other than the original articles and reviews we excluded from the study. Anticancer formulated in dendrimers have a better ability to eradicate cancer cells in the treatment of breast, colon, lung, prostate, skin, ovarian, and liver cancers compared to ordinary anticancer agents. Dendrimer in vivo, in vitro and phase II clinical trials can be used to deliver miRNA therapy or symptomatic drugs in COVID-19 patients and as vaccine delivery agents. The quality of molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 can also be improved with these nanoparticles. The use of dendrimers can improve the quality of management of cancer and COVID-19 patients.

Current progress of nanotechnology in medicine: application in drug delivery, diagnostic, tissue engineering, and nanobots

2024-09-27T11:34:49+07:00

The integration of nanotechnology into medicine has resulted in rapid advancements, and revolutionized in the diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases. Through complex manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, nanotechnology has ushered in a new era of precision medicine. Their benefits include increasingly in earlier and more precise diagnosis, as well as in optimal treatment of diseases. This review explores the applications of nanotechnology in medicine, with a focus on drug delivery, diagnostic tools, tissue engineering, and the world of futuristic nanorobots. By investigating the complex workings of nanotechnology in medicine, we aim to highlight its innovative applications, the benefits it brings to diagnosis, and treatment, and its potential to reshape the landscape of contemporary medical practice.