Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Aerobe Fermentation Enhanced Antioxidant Activity Index of Citrus limon Leaves

Santi Herlina — 2024-08-22

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a natural product are directly correlated with the preparation process which can alter certain enzymatic pathways, leading to the alteration of the production of secondary metabolites affecting its biological activity. This study aims to observe the effects of the pre-extraction process of Citrus limon on its TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity. Samples were prepared by two different pre-extraction techniques (solar drying and aerobe fermentation) and extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol 96%. The TFC and TPC were measured by a colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The antioxidant activity was tested on DPPH and calculated as AAI with ascorbic acid as a standard. The result showed that solar dried sample exhibited higher TFC and TPC than the fermented sample with TFC and TPC values of 32.165 mg QE/g and 335.80 mg GAE/g extract. In contrast, the antioxidant activity assay revealed that fermented samples provided higher antioxidant activity than solar-dried samples and even better than ascorbic acid with an IC₅₀ value of 2.52 µg/mL. The pre-extraction process significantly influences the TFC, TPC and antioxidant activity of Citrus limon.

The Effects of Activated Carbon and Bentonite on Physicochemical Characterization of Red Fruit Oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam)

Mustika Erlinaningrum — 2024-08-22

This research aims to see the quality of red fruit oil (RFO) before and after being treated with activated carbon and bentonite. The quality of red fruit oil can be seen from the analysis of physicochemical characterization determination, which includes the determination of acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), and p-anisidine value (PAV). In this study, AV RFO ranged from 9,22-10,23 mg KOH/g, PV RFO ranged from 5,57-7,56 meq/kg, SV RFO ranged from 96,57-110,24 mgKOH/g, IV RFO ranged from 70,00-70,83 gI₂/100g, and PAV RFO ranged from 5,97-7,00 meq/kg. The purification of RFO using activated carbon and bentonite significantly (p<0,05) affected the physicochemical characteristics of the oil, where the process succeeded in improving the quality of RFO by reducing acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and p-anisidine value and increasing iodine value.

Optimization of HPMC and Glycerine in Essence of Sheet Mask Containing Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Extract and Snail Mucus (Achatina fulica) as A Moisturizer

Anjani Saskia Putri — 2024-08-22

Various natural ingredients have been formulated as moisturizers in cosmetics, both from natural and animal raw material, especially Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Extract and snail mucus (Achatina fulica). However, there is only a little research to determine the development of both material in one cosmetic preparation, namely sheet mask. The mask sleeve, which is a sheet mask applicator, will dry longer than other masks, therefore the penetration shown as a moisturizer is better. Gelling agents (such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)) and humectants (such as glycerinee) are important ingredients in sheet masks. This research aims to optimization HPMC and glycerine in a sheet masks Centella asiatica and snail mucus. Optimization of HPMC and glycerine with a ratio of 0.3–3% HPMC and glycerine was carried out using the Design Expert 10 with Simplex Lattice Design method. The responses from optimization of the preparation were pH, viscosity, absorption power and skin moisture. The optimum formula was obtained at a concentration of 0.589% HPMC and 2.711% glycerine with pH of 5.64 ±0.02; viscosity of 4581.8± 59.80 cPs, absorption power in scale of 4.6+0,55 , and skin moisture of 32.09%+3.21. The irritation test has a score of 0 or does not cause irritation.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Hand Sanitizer Gel with Various Concentration Ambon Banana Peel Extract (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L))

Ginanjar Putri Nastiti — 2024-08-22

Hand washing is an activity that can reduce microorganism contamination, but some people whose work environment is far from hand washing facilities will experience difficulties. This gave rise to the innovation of practical hand washing without water, commonly called a hand sanitizer. Currently, the innovation of materials for making hand sanitizers uses natural ingredients, one of which can be Ambon banana peels, where the use of banana peels can also increase their economic value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical preparation of hand sanitizer gel from Ambon banana peel extract at various concentrations. This study used Ambon banana peels extracted by the UAE method. Next, three hand sanitizer gel formulations were made with the active ingredient, a dry extract of Ambon banana peel. Formulation 1 (F1) uses 7% extract, Formulation 2 (F2) uses 10% extract, and Formulation 3 (F3) uses 13% extract. Each formulation was subjected to physical evaluation, including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion, for three replications. The results showed that the three formulations had almost the same organoleptic visuals, namely a brown color, a soft texture, and the typical smell of Ambon bananas. Each formulation also fulfills the requirement of being homogeneous, and the pH is within the pH range of the skin. Spreadability and adhesion to the three formulas also meet the requirements for topical preparations. It can be concluded that the three formulations of Ambon banana peel hand sanitizer gel fulfill the requirements as topical preparations based on their physical evaluation. The three formulas did not show significant differences, so the concentration of the active ingredients in this study had no significant effect on the physical state of the preparations

Profiling Rosmarinic Acid and Sinensetin Content of Orthosiphon aristatus. from Three Different Locations with Variety Ethanol Concentration

Novia Putri Ramadhani — 2024-08-22

Orthosiphon aristatus is a well-known medicinal plant acknowledged for its therapeutic effect in treating urinary tract diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and arthritis. It is widely used as an ingredient in herbal medicine and distributed throughout the world, including China, Europe and Indonesia. Sinensetin are normally used as chemical marker to evaluate and control the quality of O. aristatus. However, in 2021, the European Medicines Agency changed the marker to rosmarinic acid. In order to determine the levels of rosmarinic acid and sinensetin in O. aristatus as well as the correlation between the two compounds, this study used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector to analyze O. aristatus extract from three distinct locations with four different ethanol concentrations (96%, 75%, 50%, and 25%). Results showed that higher levels of rosmarinic acid was obtained in extractions using binary. Meanwhile, higher sinensetin content in O. aristatus were obtained by 96% ethanol (Klaten) and hydro-ethanol (Sleman, Bantul). In addition, this study discovered that the sinensetin levels had an inverse correlation with rosmarinic acid levels. It can be concluded that the rosmarinic acid and sinensetin contents are influenced by growing locations and ethanol concentrations.

The Effect of Temperature on Physicochemical Properties of Moringa Leaf Ethanolic Extract (Moringa oleifera L.) Patch and Anti-Inflamatory Test

Dian Eka Ermawati — 2024-08-22

Moringa leaf extract contains flavonoids confirmed as anti-inflammatory at 200 mg/Kg b.w. The patch was chosen for topical anti-inflammatory preparation because it is continuous for an extended treatment period. Previous research has developed a patch formula using a polymer combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and alpha-cellulose (1: 2) that meets the requirements for good patch preparation. However, the effect of temperature resistance on physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity needs to be confirmed. Moringa leaves were macerated in 96% ethanol and dispersed into a patch matrix of PVA and alpha-cellulose. Patches were treated at various storage temperatures, namely 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C each for 8 hours for six cycles. Mice were divided into three groups: blank patch, brand patch product, and moringa leaf patch. Mice were given 0.05 mL of carrageenan suspension intraplanar on the sole of the left foot, and the edema volume was measured using a plethysmometer. Statistical analysis uses One-Way ANOVA and T-test. The results showed that temperature affected the pH, thickness, and weight properties but did not affect the moisture, folding endurance, and organoleptic properties. The average edema volume of mice in the brand product group was not significantly different from the moringa leaf patch group, with a significance value of 0.066 (p > 0.05). The Moringa leaf ethanolic extract patch confirmed it can reduce the volume of mouse foot edema by 5 hours.

Formulation and Evaluation of Wound Healer Waterproof Spray containing Cymbopogon nardus L. and Musa paradisiaca L. Leaves Wax

Putri Rachma Novitasari — 2024-08-22

Red lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) is an Indonesian plant which has potential as a wound healer. Red lemongrass contain essential oil which has the potential effect to treat wounds, such as citral. The citral content in every 1 mL of this essential oil is 32.28%. A wound is an injury-induced disturbance of the tissues' normal anatomical relationships. Wound is basically prone to infection, and it can infect bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Water splashes exposed the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which then caused an infection. Water is a medium for bacterial growth. In this research, kepok banana leaves wax (Musa paradisiaca L.) is added as a waterproof base to prevent wounds from being splashed by water, because wounds on skin tissue are protected by a layer of wax originating from kepok banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca L.). The aim of this research was to make a waterproof gel spray from red lemongrass essential oil using wax of banana leaves as a waterproof base. The result showed waterproof gel spray preparation has yellowish white colour; a distinctive aromatic odor, pH 6,28; viscosity 135 cps, and dry time 7.5 minutes and it has waterproof properties.

Effect of Corn Starch and Glycerol Additions on the Characteristics of Capsule Shells from Seaweed Carrageenan

Aisha Ramadita — 2024-08-22

Capsule shells are generally made by gelatinee which from animal based. However, the capsule shell has issues related to the permissibility (halalness) and safety. Carrageenan has the potential as an essential ingredient of the capsule shell to replace gelatinee. The focus of this study was to determine the optimal formulation for the preparation of capsule shells. There were 9 different formulations to test the best quality by comparing it with commercial capsule shells. The samples were manually moulded with a dipping pen for 3 s at 45℃. The concentrations of corn starch were 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v and concentration glycerol were 2%, 3%, and 4% w/v. Weight uniformity, specifications, disintegration, and FTIR were analysed to determine the best quality of the capsule shell. The results showed that formula with concentration of 95% of distilled water, 2% w/v of carrageenan, 2% w/v of corn starch and 3% w/v of glycerol fit the standard of capsule shell.

Preparation and Characterization of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Starch as Solid Medicinal Additive

Melisa Nia Alfiona — 2024-08-22

Starch is often used as a filler, crusher, and binder in solid preparations. One source of starch can be found in red dragon fruit stems. When making starch, browning often occurs which causes the flour to become brownish, which can reduce public acceptance. Efforts are made to prevent browning in the starch making process by using sodium bisulfite solution. This study aims to determine the effect of different sodium bisulfite soaking times on the characteristics of red dragon fruit stem starch (Hylocereus polyrhizus) to be used as a solid preparation additive and to determine the length of sodium bisulfite soaking time that can produce red dragon fruit stem starch (Hylocereus polyrhizus) characteristics that meet the standards of solid preparation additives. The results of the analysis showed significant differences in yield, moisture content, flow velocity, angle of repose, pH, solubility, expandability, compressibility index, bulk density, tap density, true density, and Hausner index. FTIR analysis showed that red dragon fruit stem starch contains starch functional groups. Based on the results of the red dragon fruit stem characterization test, the best treatment was obtained, namely 1 hour soaking, producing starch with physical characteristics suitable for solid preparation additives.

The Antibacterial Activity of Bajakah Tampala Extracts (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Mouthwash Formulation Inhibited Dental Plaque against Streptococcus mutans

Rikhaturhohmah — 2024-08-22

Dental plaque is the main cause of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans, with a high prevalence in Indonesia. Currently, the mouthwash market contains high levels of alcohol, which can cause long-term side effects. Tampala bajakah root (Spatholobus littoralis) is used in traditional medicine for the Dayak community in Central Kalimantan. Bajakah Tampala root has antibacterial activity produced by flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The development of herbal cosmetics can be achieved by Bajakah Tampala mouthwash formulations to prevent dental plaque caused by Streptococcus mutans infection.

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UBT) and infusion (IBT) derived the active compounds of Bajakah Tampala root extract. The various concentrations of UBT (20–80%) and IBT (10%) were evaluated for antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion method. The results showed that positive control and 80% UBT have antibacterial activity higher than other extracts, with an inhibition zone of 14,01±2,70 mm. Based on these results, an effective mouthwash dosage formulation can be developed at 80% UBT. The formulation evaluation of mouthwash assessed viscosity, homogeneity, pH, and organoleptic test. The UBT mouthwash product has qualified formulation evaluation parameters. This research contributed to the innovation of herbal cosmetics by developing the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants.

Keywords: Bajakah Tampala, Antibacterial activity, Mouthwash, Herbal cosmetic, Streptococcus mutans.