Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

The Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Cinnamon Extract (Cinnamomum burmanii) on Lipcream as Natural Dyes

Eriska Agustin — 2025-06-30

The use of nanoemulsion in the cosmetic field has been widely developed, one of which is the use of natural dyes from natural ingredients. Nanoemulsion has the ability to provide a wider variety of colors due to its high solubilization and translucent nature. The effort to produce natural dyes can be obtained form natural resources, one of which is the cinnamon plant. Beside having a distinctive aroma, cinnamon can also produce a brownish pigment that comes form the cinnamaldehyde compound. In this study, Cinnamon extract samples were obtained by maceration method using ethanol solvent pa, cinnamon extract nanoemulsion preparations were made using a sonicator bath for 60 minutes, and lipcream preparations were made using the trituration method. The results showed that the cinnamon extract from formula F1 nanoemulsion had a particle size of 273±0.032 nm. Evaluation of the lipcream preparations carried out included organoleptics which produced a distinctive aroma of cinnamon, the resulting color was softer brown compared to conventional lipcream preparations, the texture was soft and homogeneous, the resulting pH test met the pH requirements of the lip cream, namely 4.93-5.02, adhesion 5-6 cm and 4-5 seconds of adhesion (p>0.05). The cinnamon extract nanoemulsion preparations produced particle sizes that entered the nano range and lipcream preparations produced color pigments that were softer than conventional preparations.

The Potency of Microalgae as a Marine Source: A Bibliometric Analysis

Hardi Astuti Witasari — 2025-06-30

Microalgae were a marine source that was highly sustainable and offered numerous benefits in industrial applications. Many species were safe and effective as active ingredients in the food, cosmetics, and pharmacy industries and became raw materials for renewable energy, such as biofuel. The exploration of bioactive compounds was enticing for the research. The study of microalgae potency is a fascinating subject that deserves further exploration. The bibliometrics analysis can provide a good overview of microalgae research and its applications in industry. This overview was derived from the Scopus database, which contained all articles published between 1993 and 2023 with the keywords "microalgae" and "their application. Based on this discovery, many papers reported the potential of microalgae for antioxidants, nutrition, vaccine adjuvants, bioethanol, biofuel, and other applications for 2021-2022. This review criticizes the cultivation in a controlled environment up to the toxicity of microalgae. According to this review, many researchers focused and collaborated on exploring microalgae in the top three international journals, such as Algal Research, Marine Drugs, and Journal of Applied Phycology. Several countries, including Italy, Spain, and China, were the most focused on declaring the application of microalgae. The keywords described the core discussion and could be read generally and comprehensively. This bibliometric analysis was expected to contribute to developing microalgae for many applications.

Detection of Porcine DNA in Cosmetic Products using Real-Time PCR Method: A Review of Method and Applications

Miftiana Nugraha Sari — 2025-06-30

For Muslim customers, the halal validity of cosmetics is a major concern. In cosmetics industry, one critical aspect is the contamination of porcine derivatives in halal cosmetic products. This review method discusses the application of real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of porcine DNA in cosmetic products, including the principle of the method, DNA extraction protocol, primers and probes design, and method application in various types of cosmetic products. DNA extraction from the cosmetic matrix samples requires optimization due to the complexity of the material and the possibility of DNA degradation during the cosmetic production process. The precise primers and probes design is also crucial to ensure specificity towards porcine DNA. The application of the RT-PCR method has been successful in various forms of cosmetics such as creams, lotions, lipsticks, and soaps, although each type of cosmetic product has unique challenges. Performance evaluation of the RT-PCR method showed good repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation (CV) below 10% in numerous studies. The main challenges of the method include extraction of DNA due to the DNA degradation during the cosmetics production process, interference from cosmetic ingredients to RT-PCR analysis, and the need for method standardization. Solutions that have been developed such as the use of short gene targets, PCR additives to overcome inhibitors, and amplification techniques such as digital PCR to improve sensitivity. The recent development has led to the integration of protein-based methods and international standardization to support cosmetic halal certifications.

Impaired Liver Function in the Use of Clozapine as an Antipsychotic

Abdul Aziz — 2025-06-30

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat psychosis, mainly as a second choice for patients with refractory schizophrenia and recommended to manage schizophrenia that does not respond to other therapies. Clozapine is also often associated with elevated transaminase levels without clinical symptoms. In this case, a 45-year-old man, who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia since October 2020, was undergoing treatment with various antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine. About a week before hospitalization, there was a change in the patient's behavior. Due to this condition, the patient was brought to the outpatient psychiatric clinic at Airlangga University Hospital Surabaya, the patient was given clozapine 25 mg therapy at night, but the symptoms experienced were getting worse. The patient was finally taken for hospitalization at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. While undergoing treatment at the hospital, the patient was given clozapine 10 mg therapy in the morning and at night, in addition, Olanzapine 10 mg was given intramuscularly if needed. However, on the third day after starting treatment, the patient began complaining of low-grade fever (37.8°C), nausea, and fatigue. Laboratory tests showed an increase in liver enzyme levels. However, several cases of severe liver toxicity due to clozapine use have been reported, and there are no specific guidelines for physicians to prevent or treat this condition. Close monitoring of liver function test (LFT) results is crucial in clozapine therapy, especially in considering the decision to stop treatment early if necessary.

Effect of Soyghurt Fortification with Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaves Extract on Antioxidant Activity

Susanti Susanti — 2025-06-30

Soyghurt contains antioxidant compounds such as isoflavones which is derived from soybeans as main ingredient for making soyghurt. To increase antioxidant activity, it is necessary to add other antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanins which is found in Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. which also acts as a red pigment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding Syzygium myrtifolium leaf extract to the antioxidant activity of soyghurt. It began with the making of soy milk then fermented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus into soyghurt. Plants were extracted by maceration in ethanol and made a dry extract. The addition of dried extract to soyghurt was carried out in 3 concentrations, 1%, 3% and 5%. The results of antioxidant activity assay using the free radical DPPH scavenging method showed that there was a decrease in the IC50 in soyghurt fortified with extract compared to soyghurt without extract. The higher concentration of extract, the smaller IC50 value. Soyghurt with 5% extract had the smallest IC50 (694.14 g/mL) while the IC50 of soyghurt without extract was 2823.17 g/mL. The conclusion is that fortification of Syzygium myrtifolium leaf extract has an effect on the antioxidant activity of soyghurt.

Pharmaceutical Grade Microcrystalline Cellulose from Corn Husk (Zea mays L.): Fabrication and Characterization

Intan Martha Cahyani — 2025-06-30

Corn is a plant that grows easily in tropical climates. Corn production in Indonesia reaches 25.18 tons, the use of which in society is still limited to corn kernels as food, while other parts of the corn plant are waste. Corn husks are an abundant natural waste and contain 44.08% cellulose, so they can potentially be a source of pharmaceutical excipients, namely microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). This research aims to isolate and characterize MCC from pharmaceutical grade corn husks with commercial MCC as a comparator. The two methods of making MCC are delignification using 2% NaOH at 80-90°C 4 h. Hydrolysis using variations in HCl concentrations, namely 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N, at a temperature of 80°C 4 h. The research results obtained cellulose content in α-cellulose and MCC of corn husks with 3 consecutive treatments of 74.02%, 84.48%, 86.55%, and 84.44%. The result of the analysis test of FTIR, SEM, XRD, and PSA instruments indicate that corn husk MCC has characteristics of commercial MCC as a standard. The resulting corn husk MCC has physicochemical characteristics according to standards that can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient.

In Silico Study of Compounds Identified in Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb Rhizome as BRAF V600E Inhibitors in Melanoma Cancer

Ririn Suharsanti — 2025-06-30

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome contains secondary metabolite compounds and plays a role in various activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiandrogenic, antinociceptive, and anticancer. Anticancer activity that has been reported in Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome is limited to breast and cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome in melanoma cancer through the mechanism of inhibiting the BRAF V600E. The 96% ethanol extract of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome was separated to produce n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and ethanol (EF) fractions. The GC-MS results showed that there were 31 compounds from the three fractions. The docking validation process was carried out on the native ligand N-(3-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl) -1H-pyrrolo [2,3b]pyridin3yl] carbonyl}2,4difluorophenyl) propane-1-sulfonamide. All compounds were prepared as ligands for molecular docking with the BRAF V600E receptor (PDB ID: 3OG7). Docking validation on native ligand showed RMSD 1.03Å. The smallest binding affinity are 4,4a,5,6,7,8-Hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one (-6,89 kcal/mol); 1Cyclohexyl-2-propen-1-one (-6,68 kcal/mol); Cyclooctenone (-6,23 kcal/mol); and vemuravnib is still better as K+ (-11.11 kcal/mol). All three compounds do not bind to key amino acid residues of BRAF V600E such as vemuravenib at GLN A:530, CYS A:532; ASP A:594. These results indicate that further structural development is needed for better activity.

Optimization And Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis Using Parijoto Fruit (Medinilla speciosa) Water Extract With Box-Behnken Design

Qinta Laily Nurjana — 2025-06-30

Silver nanoparticles in the medical field are used as additives in vaccines, anti-diabetic agents, wound and bone healing, biosensors and anticancer therapy in medical applications. One of the plants that can act as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is the parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa). This study aims to optimize and characterize the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the water extract of parijoto fruit (M. speciosa) with a box-behnken design. The method used in this study starts from the manufacture of water extract of parijoto fruit (M. speciosa) then continued with the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formula for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles will be optimized with a box-behnken design and characterized by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results obtained in this study will be analyzed using descriptive techniques. The optimization results with the Behnken box design showed an optimal formula with an extract concentration of 1%, a sonication time of 6 minutes, and a sonicator pulser of 30. The particle size obtained was 85 ± 0.1 nm with a PI of 0.486 ± 0.006 and a zeta potential of -27.3 ± 1.5. The FTIR spectrum showed C=O, C-O and O-H groups indicating flavonoid compounds as bioreductant agents. The morphology of silver nanoparticles showed instability. (4) Conclusions:the optimization of silver nanoparticles from parijoto fruit water extract (M. speciosa) have been discovered used the Box-Behnken design and has good silver nanoparticle characteristics.

Comparative Study of the Proximate, Mineral and Phytochemical Compositions of Avocado (Persea americana) Pulp and Seed

Sunday Kolawole — 2025-06-30

The proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions of avocado pear (Persea americana) seed and pulp were studied using standard methods. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponin, tannins and phenols in both the seed and pulp of P. americana . Alkaloid was only present in the seed. Quantitatively, the concentration of saponins, flavoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids in the seed were higher than in the pulp. The proximate contents (%) of the avocado seed, in decreasing order were carbohydrate (48.51± 0.56) > protein (18.08 ± 0.58) > moisture content (14.64 ± 0.38) > fat (13.31 ± 0.05), fibre (4.61 ± 0.13) > ash (0.85 ± 0.12) while the pulp had moisture content (54.27 ± 0.49%) > fat (30.85 ± 0.43%) > carbohydrate (9.33 ± 0.66%) > protein ( 2.92 ± 0.59%) > ash (1.38 ± 0.17%) > fibre (4.61 ± 0.13%). The concentration of minerals in the seed of P. americana were significantly higher (p<0.01) than in the pulp except for zinc and sodium. The P. americana seed contains higher substantial nutrients that could meet the needs and requirements of the body, thus good for human and animal consumption.

A Synergistic Approach: Enhanced Apoptotic and Proliferative Inhibition of Cisplatin by Nanocurcumin in HeLa Cells

Subandi Subandi — 2025-06-30

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for cervical cancer, but its effectiveness is often limited by cellular resistance and severe side effects. Curcumin has demonstrated potential to enhance cisplatin's anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation; however, its clinical use is constrained by poor solubility and low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, liposomal nanocurcumin was developed. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of cisplatin and nanocurcumin on Bax and BrdU expression as markers of apoptosis and proliferation in HeLa cervical cancer cells. A true experimental post-test only design was employed with five groups: HeLa cell control (no treatment), positive control (cisplatin 5 µg/mL), and three treatment groups receiving cisplatin 2.5 µg/mL combined with nanocurcumin at 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Cells were incubated for 48 hours and analyzed
using flow cytometry. The combination treatment significantly increased Bax expression and reduced BrdU expression compared to cisplatin alone, with the strongest effect observed at 100 µg/mL nanocurcumin. These findings suggest that nanocurcumin may serve as a promising adjuvant to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin by promoting apoptosis and suppressing proliferation in cervical cancer cells.

Application of Clustering Analysis with Unsupervised Technique on Fish Oil Samples

Nadia Miftahul Jannah — 2025-06-30

Fish oil contains many fatty acids (FAs) important for human health. Each fish oil tends to have a different fatty acid content. This study aims to group the fish oil content profile in several samples, such as keting fish oil (KFO), catfish oil (CFO), and pomfret fish oil (PFO), based on GC-MS analysis data with unsupervised techniques. GC-MS is a method that can be used to identify the fatty acid content in fish oil. Fish oil is extracted using the dry rendering method combined with a hydraulic press to obtain the oil, then derivatised before being analysed on the GC-MS instrument. Due to the multivariate data from GC-MS, multivariate statistical techniques are required to effectively group the fish oil samples based on their Fatty Acid profiles. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) chemometrics are unsupervised techniques that can group multivariate data by displaying plot scores and dendrograms of sample analysis results. The fatty acid content of keting fish, catfish, and pomfret fish oil has three dominant compounds in sequence, namely oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, with different percentages. The
grouping profile of fish oil was successfully determined by PCA, total variance explained by the first four components (PC4) of 99.4%, and CA, which produced three groups based on the fatty acid content of fish oil.

Collagen Deposition Effect of Superoxide Dismutase Corn Kernel Extract (Zea mays L.) as Skin Photoaging Treatment

Mustika Endah Pratiwi — 2025-06-30

Intensive exposure to UV-A rays can develop photoaging in human skin. To aid this condition, several potential anti-photoaging mechanisms that have been investigated can be implemented, including collagen promotion. Collagen production in the skin has been studied promoted by an enzymatic antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Here, we found out the collagen deposition effect from SOD crude extract of corn kernel in 3T3 fibroblast cells as alternative ingredients of anti-photoaging. Soluble protein content and SOD activity assay were executed first to prop up the main test. Collagen deposition effect was measured using staining method with picric acid solution. The result showed the highest Soluble protein and SOD activity was in 100% precipitation of corn kernel SOD extract (20.91 mg/ml and 65.50% respectively). The highest collagen deposition percentage obtained was 106.7% in 100 mg/ml corn kernel SOD extract. The collagen deposition percentage obtained was not significantly different from 2.5 mg/ml ascorbic acid. Based on viewing collagen condition under a microscope, there was an improvement in collagen, which was indicated by the interconnected collagen fibers when the extract and ascorbic acid were given. The research that has been conducted concludes that corn kernel SOD extract has anti-photoaging activity through collagen deposition effect.

Monoclonal Antibodies Aggregation during Administration to Patients and the Role of Pharmaceutical Excipients

Deta Almira — 2025-06-30

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful therapeutic agents known for their high specificity and effectiveness in treating complex diseases. Yet, one of their major challenges is their tendency to aggregate, which can reduce treatment efficacy and even trigger unwanted immune responses. This review focuses on how pharmaceutical excipients can help prevent antibody aggregation, particularly during the drug administration process, a phase often overlooked. We conducted a systematic literature search using Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, targeting studies on excipients and aggregation in therapeutic proteins. After applying the selection criteria, six original research articles were analyzed. The findings reveal that several excipients—such as L-arginine, polysorbates, trehalose derivatives, proline analogs, and cyclodextrins—can effectively stabilize mAbs. They work by reducing interfacial stress, minimizing protein–protein interactions, and preserving antibody structure during stress conditions like infusion or inhalation. These insights highlight the importance of choosing the right excipient based on the administration route to ensure antibody stability and therapeutic impact. By shifting the focus from formulation to administration, this review provides a practical perspective that can support the development of safer and more effective mAb therapies.