Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Effect of Avocado Leaf Ethanol Extract Gel (Persea americana Mill) on Healing Diabetic Wounds

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 13:03:28 +0700

Diabetic wounds are a major clinical challenge due to delayed healing and increased complication risks. Ethanol extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) has previously shown promise in enhancing tissue regeneration in diabetic wounds, but its potential in gel form remains untested. This study aimed to develop an avocado leaf ethanol extract-based gel and evaluate its woundhealing potential in diabetic mice. Avocado leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and formulated into a gel, which was evaluated for physical properties and topical suitability. Diabetic mice were divided into five groups: normal control, negative control (gel base), positive control (bioplacenton), and two treatment groups (5% and 10% gel). Diabetes was induced using alloxan (150 mg/kg BW), followed by wound induction and treatment. Wound healing was assessed through visual assessment, wound diameter reduction, and healing duration. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level. Results showed the gel meets physical properties (pH test, organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test) and significantly improved wound healing in diabetic mice. The 5% gel demonstrated wound-healing activity due to bioactive compounds such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Further analysis is needed to identify the specific components responsible for the healing effects, highlighting the gel’s potential for diabetic wound treatment.

Acute Toxicity Test of Healthy Drink of Anthocyanin Pigmented Polyphenols from Black Rice and Sprouts Soybean

Kintoko Kintoko, Nina Salamah, Hardi Astuti Witasari, Rizlah Maulizah — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 13:15:18 +0700

Black rice and sprouted soybean (BRiSS) can be formulated into a healthy drink BRiSS. The safety of this novel combination must be rigorously tested. Therefore, this study was designed to conduct a comprehensive acute toxicity test of the healthy drink flavylium anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented polyphenols from soybean sprouts (Glycine max L.). The black rice was extracted with a 96% ethanol solution in 3% citric acid. The pigmentation process was achieved by adding hydroxyl groups from soybean polyphenols. The active material was mixed with 20% maltodextrin, shaken, poured into a pan, and dried with a cabinet dryer (60° C). The mixture was stirred with 0.3% sodium, 0.1% citric acid, 50% active ingredients, 5% sucrose as a sweetener, 0.05% sodium benzoate, and water, 100 ml. The five groups of male Wistar rats were acclimatized. Group 1 was a control, and groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were sequentially treated with a healthy drink containing extract doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg BW. The acute toxicity test results at 30 minutes, 3 to 24 hours, day 3, and day 14 were written on the acute toxicity test clinical symptom observation sheet. All test animals, including both the control and test groups with various dosage variations, did not exhibit changes in skin, fur, eyes, behavior, respiratory systems, and did not experience weight loss, seizures, tremors, lethargy, or diarrhea. The limitation was that the macropathology examination of internal organs (kidneys, liver, heart, brain, stomach, intestines, pancreas) was not performed. Not all animals have mortality in a 5-3000 (mg/kg BW) extract dose.

Increased Dissolution Rate of Solid Dispersion Fenofibric Acid PEG 6000 and In Vivo Study

Deni Anggraini, Nesa Agistia, Armon Fernando, Amanda Yulia, Dira Repuja — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 21:27:14 +0700

Fenofibrate acid is a fibrate drug with high permeability but low water solubility, resulting in limited bioavailability. Solid dispersion using hydrophilic carriers is one strategy to increase solubility. The objective of this study was to improve the solubility of fenofibric acid by converting it into a solid dispersion system using PEG 6000 as a carrier. Preparation of solid dispersion systems by the melting method. The fenofibric acid PEG 6000 weight ratios were F1 (1:1), F2 (1:3), and F5 (1:5). Physicochemical characterization of the solid dispersions included DSC, PXRD, FTIR, and SEM tests, as well as dissolution and bioavailability tests with the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. Characterization results show that fenofibric acid with PEG 6000 as a carrier still exhibits a crystalline phase but with reduced intensity, resulting in increased solubility and dissolution rate. Dissolution test show that solid dispersion F3 (1:5) dissolves faster (78.7%) than pure fenofibric acid (53.2%). after 60 minutes. Pharmacokinetic parameter determination tests showed no significant difference between pure fenofibric acid and solid dispersion. Solid dispersion of fenofibric acid with PEG 6000 as a carrier can improve the physicochemical performance and dissolution rate of fenofibric acid but pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly.

Investigation of Column Temperature and Validation of an HPLC-PDA Method for Hydrogen Peroxide Analysis in Hair Cosmetics under Tropical Environments

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 21:40:49 +0700

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is widely used as an oxidizing agent in hair cosmetic products, requiring reliable and validated analytical methods to ensure product safety and regulatory compliance. This study investigated the effect of column temperature and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array (HPLC–PDA) method for H₂O₂ determination in hair cosmetic formulations using triphenylphosphine (TPP) derivatization under tropical laboratory conditions. The triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) derivative exhibited a stable maximum absorbance at 222 nm within the concentration range of 20–120 ppm, which was selected as the detection wavelength. System suitability was evaluated at ambient temperature, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C. Column temperatures between 40 and 50 °C fulfilled all system suitability and validation criteria, demonstrating acceptable efficiency, peak symmetry, retention time stability, and reproducibility. Among these conditions, 40 °C was selected as the optimum column temperature based on overall analytical performance and practical considerations. Method validation showed excellent linearity (correlation coefficient r ≥ 0.995; residual variance Vxo ≤ 5%), acceptable precision (%RSD ≤ 2%), and adequate sensitivity, expressed as limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). Accuracy evaluation using matrix-spiked samples yielded recoveries within the AOAC acceptance range (90–107%). Overall, the validated HPLC–PDA method at 40 °C with detection at 222 nm is robust and suitable for routine determination of H₂O₂ in hair cosmetic products under tropical conditions.

The Effect of Differences in Growing Altitude on the Total Flavonoid Content Single Clove Garlic (Allium sativum Linn)

Anita Agustina Styawan, Rayhantana Rizky Putra — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 21:56:17 +0700

Single garlic belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains flavonoid compounds with antioxidant activity. However, the use of herbal ingredients often shows inconsistent effects because differences in growing locations, such as soil and climate conditions, can influence the amount of flavonoids produced. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in total flavonoid content of single garlic (Allium sativum Linn) based on the influence of growing locations in Boyolali Regency and Karanganyar Regency. This study used 2 kg of single garlic (Allium sativum Linn) samples, which were then extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The total flavonoid content was determined using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the quantitative test using UV-Vis spectrophotometry obtained a maximum wavelength of 426 nm with a curve equation of y=0.0151x – 0.0033. The average total flavonoid content from Boyolali Regency was 0.5867 mgQE/g and from Karanganyar Regency was 0.5867 mgQE/g and 0.1495 mgQE/g. Based on statistical test data, it was found that the significance value was 0.002, where the result had a P<0.05 value, which means that there was a significant difference in total flavonoid content based on the growing location.

Evaluation of Acrylamide Levels in Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora) Coffee Roasting Variations for Nutraceutical Capsules

Putri Siti Juwariyah, Firstca Aulia Rachma, Dante Alighiri — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:00:14 +0700

Coffee roasting is an essential process that determines the flavor and aroma of coffee, yet it also contributes to the formation of acrylamide, a carcinogenic compound. Acrylamide is produced as a by-product of the Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids at high roasting temperatures. This study aimed to evaluate acrylamide content in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) and Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) under different roasting levels, and to assess its safety for nutraceutical capsule formulation. The experimental procedure included roasting beans at three levels (light, medium, and dark). Acrylamide analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with the standard addition method. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with JASP software. Results showed that acrylamide levels increased with increasing roasting time in both Arabica and Robusta coffee. The lowest acrylamide concentrations were observed at 10 minutes of roasting, particularly in the n-hexane fraction measuring 72.1154 µg/kg in Arabica coffee and 109.6825 µg/kg in Robusta coffee, while the highest levels were detected in the water fraction at 20 minutes of roasting, reaching 299.8834 µg/kg in Arabica coffee and 400.5265 µg/kg in Robusta coffee. Statistical analysis confirmed that roasting variations significantly affected acrylamide formation (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between coffee types (p > 0.05). Although the n-hexane fraction yielded the lowest acrylamide content, ethyl acetate at 10 minutes of roasting was identified as the optimal condition, as it produced relatively low acrylamide levels (124.1045 µg/kg in Arabica and 136.8083 µg/kg in Robusta) while preserving bioactive compounds suitable for nutraceutical formulation. Evaluation of granule quality and capsule characteristics indicated that all parameters met standard requirements. In conclusion, nutraceutical capsules can be formulated from the ethyl acetate fraction of coffee roasted for 10 minutes, ensuring safety and functional benefits.

A Simple LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Gentamicin in Human Plasma and Uncertainty Evaluation

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:10:26 +0700

Gentamicin is an antibiotic with a narrow therapeutic index that necessitates therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity. The goal of this study was to a simple, sensitive, and reliable LC-MS/MS method for measuring gentamicin in human plasma with a key novelty being the comprehensive assessment and documentation of measurement uncertainty integrated into the method validation process. The method used a Sciex QQQ 4500 LC-MS/MS system equipped with a C18 column, 5 x 20 mm, 4 µm Fusion-RP 80 Å, and operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, employing amikacin as the internal standard. Method validation was conducted following ICH M10 (2022) guidelines, encompassing parameters of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, dilution integrity, and carry-over. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r² = 0.990–0.996) over the range of 100–5000 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 100 ng/mL. Across all concentration levels, accuracy (within ±15%; ±20% at LLOQ) and precision (≤15% CV; ≤20% at LLOQ) met the acceptance criteria. Short term stability experiments indicated that the samples maintained enough rigidity for various handling and storage method. We used EURACHEM and JCGM GUM guidelines to figure out the measurement uncertainty. The standard error of the slope (SEm) was the biggest factor. The total uncertainty was found to be 0.27 ng/mL, which means that the expanded uncertainty is ±0.55 ng/mL with 95% confidence. The validated method is strong and dependable, which makes it good for use in clinical settings for gentamicin TDM.

Optimization of Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Tagetes erecta L. using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES)

Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:22:59 +0700

Carotenoids from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta L.) are commonly extracted using conventional solvents like hexane and ethanol, which may pose environmental and health risks. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) as greener alternatives and to determine the optimal NADES composition and extraction conditions using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The most effective NADES was selected based on total carotenoid content, statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to assess the effects of ultrasonic power, extraction time, and temperature. Total carotenoid content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Among the tested solvents, the hydrophobic NADES composed of menthol:lactic acid (8:1) showed the highest efficiency (98.48 ± 0.20 mg β-carotene equivalent (BCE)/g dry sample (DS)), outperforming the hydrophilic NADES, hexane, and 80% ethanol. Optimization using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design identified optimal UAE conditions at 100% ultrasonic power, 40 minutes, and 60°C, yielding 304.01 ± 1.60 mg BCE/g DS. These results confirm the effectiveness of NADES as sustainable and efficient solvents for carotenoid extraction from marigold flowers.

Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Free Radicals Scavenging Activity of Syzygium polyanthum Wight. Leaves

Yandy Efrianna Ramadhan, Kevin Awidarta, Agung Endro Unugroho, Abdul Rohman — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 11:37:01 +0700

Bay leaves plant (Syzygium polyanthum Wight), from the Myrtaceae family, are traditionally used for their medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, and steroids with antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of bay leaf extract by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid content and assessing free radical scavenging activity. Fresh leaves were collected in Yogyakarta in December 2024, dried, and extracted via methanol maceration, followed by fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous solvents. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure total phenolic content,iusing gallic acid asiaireferenceistandard, irevealing high phenolic levels, particularly in the ethyl acetate fraction (198.20 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g). The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure total phenolic content, using gallic acid as a reference standard, showing significant flavonoid levels, with the ethyl acetate fraction at 62.06 ± 1.76 mg QE/g. The DPPH assay was utilized to assess antioxidant activity, revealing that the ethyl acetate fraction had the lowest IC50 value (41.71 ±i0.617 µg/mL), demonstrating potent free radical scavenging ability similar to ascorbic acid (9.61 ± 0.138 µg/mL) The ethyl acetate fraction contains a significant amount of phenolics and flavonoids correlated strongly with its antioxidant capacity, highlighting bay leaves as a promising source for herbal medicine development. These findings validate the traditional use of bay leaves and offer updated quantitative data on phenolic/flavonoid levels and antioxidant capacity, highlighting their promise for natural health product development.

Characterization of Purple Corn Anthocyanin Components and Their Pharmacokinetic Profiles through In Silico Study

Ichda Chayati, Satyo Nuryadi, Hari Purnomo, Isnatin Miladiyah — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:27:27 +0700

Purple corn contains high levels of bioactive anthocyanins with potential health-promoting effects. This study aimed to quantitatively characterize the anthocyanin profile of an Indonesian purple corn variety and evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of its major constituents using in silico modelling. The anthocyanin extract was analyzed by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), and concentrations were determined using authentic standards. The pharmacokinetic parameters, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), were predicted using the pkCSM platform, and drug-likeness properties were evaluated based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (0.82 mg/100 g DW), peonidin-3-glucoside (0.38 mg/100 g DW), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (0.35 mg/100 g DW) were identified as the predominant anthocyanins. In silico ADMET predictions using pkCSM revealed low intestinal absorption, moderate peripheral tissue distribution, and violations of Lipinski’s Rule of Five, indicating limited suitability as conventional oral pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, the compounds exhibited low predicted toxicity, minimal CYP450 inhibition, and favorable excretion profiles, supporting potential safe use as nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients. This integrated approach demonstrates that experimental phytochemical profiling combined with computational pharmacokinetic analysis provides valuable insight into the properties of anthocyanins beyond standard bioavailability studies. The findings provide a foundation for future formulation strategies, such as encapsulation or delivery enhancement, to improve bioavailability and functional activity in foods or dietary supplements. Overall, anthocyanins from Indonesian purple corn are promising safe natural bioactives, warranting further experimental and translational research.

Validation of Analytical Method for Determining Formaldehyde Levels in Imported Apples Sold in Pontianak City using UV–Vis Spectrophotometry

Gaudensius Rizky, Fajar Nugraha, Hadi Kurniawan — Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:34:27 +0700

The Indonesian government has implemented various efforts to protect food from biological, chemical, and physical contaminants that may endanger public health. Formaldehyde, an aqueous solution containing 37% formaldehyde, is commonly used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservative for biological specimens. However, its misuse in food products, such as imported apples, remains a concern in Indonesia. This study aims to detect and measure formaldehyde levels in imported apples sold in Pontianak City by comparing peeled and unpeeled samples. Qualitative analysis was conducted using Schiff reagent color tests, while quantitative analysis employed UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed the presence of formaldehyde in unpeeled imported apples, with concentrations ranging from 5.23–22.65 mg/kg (1.57–6.80 mg/serving). Meanwhile, peeled imported apples exhibited lower formaldehyde levels, ranging from 2.55–6.75 mg/kg (0.76–2.02 mg/serving) across six districts in Pontianak City. Statistical testing with the Independent Sample T-Test showed a significant distinction between peeled and unpeeled imported apples. Therefore, peeling imported apples prior to consumption may reduce potential exposure to formaldehyde. Consumers are advised to wash apples thoroughly under running water and purchase products from reliable sources to minimize the risk of contamination. Furthermore, strengthened regulatory monitoring and stricter enforcement against the illegal use of formaldehyde in food products are necessary to ensure consumer safety and protect public health.