Hand cleaning activities during COVID-19 pandemic and the manifestation on human skin: a retrospective study

  • Arko Jatmiko Wicaksono
  • Ummu Mastna Zuhri
Keywords: hand sanitizing, pandemic, COVID-19, ethanol, adverse effect

Abstract

Hand sanitizing is a popular hand-cleaning technique during the pandemic.In the present article, a retrospective study by observational and quantitative data analysis involving 155 respondents were collected through questionnaires. The most intense methods of hand-cleaningactivities (i.e. hand sanitizing, hand washing with soap, alcohol rubs, wet wipes, dried wipes and hand washing with water only)were investigated. Manifestation on human skin was evaluated personally by take into account to the real condition of the authors. Validity of the retrospective questionnaire was assessed by comparing it to the prospective journal which was considered as the reference method. As the result, hand-washing with soap is the most preferred hand-cleaning method during pandemic (94 %, total sample population n = 155). Adverse event by the usage of alcohol might observed especially during the first 4 months of the pandemic period.

References

de Haan J. TheIndonesian tourismindustry: abright future and opportunities for Australia. Strategic Analysis Paper 2018. Available from :https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/indonesian-tourism-industry-bright-future-opportunities-australia/

Caroko EE. Penjualan hand sanitizer melonjak, Bagiamana dengan nasib produsennya? Sindonews.com. Available from: https://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/21581/34/penjualan-hand-sanitizer-melonjak-bagiamana-dengan-nasib-produsennya-1588928719

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US. Hand sanitizer use out and about. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/hand-sanitizer-use.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US. Show me the science – when &how to use hand sanitizer in community settings. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-hand-sanitizer.html

Rayar P, Ratnapalan S. Pediatric ingestions of house hold products containing ethanol: areview. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 52(3):203-209.

http://doi.org/10.1177/0009922812470970

Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med2011; 59(6):881–6. http://doi.org/10.231/JIM.0b013e31821b8755

World Health Organization. Alcohol-based handrubrisks/hazards. Clean care is safer care. Available from :https://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/faqs/abhr2/en/

World Health Organization. System change - changing hand hygiene behaviour at the point of care. Clean care is safer care. Available from: https://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/faqs/system_change/en/

Baskara B. Rangkaian peristiwa pertama COVID-19. Available from: kompas.id. April 2020.

World Health Organization. WHO guide line on hand hygiene in health care. First global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2009.

https://doi.org/10.1086/600379

Wickett RR, Visscher MO. Structure and function of the epidermal barrier. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34(10):S98-S110.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.295

Winnefeld M, Richard MA, Drancourt M, Grob JJ. Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143(3):546-50.

https://doi.orgo10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03708.x

Vaughn AR, Clark AK, Sivamani RK, Shi VY. Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19(1):103-17.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0301-1

Khosrowpour Z, Nasrollahi SA, Ayatollahi A, Samadi A, Firooz A. Effects of four soaps on skin trans‐epidermal water loss and erythema index. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18(3):857-61.

http://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12758

Sugianto D. 95% Bahan bakuobat di RI masihimpor. detik Finance. July 2019. Available from:https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4608878/95-bahan-baku-obat-di-ri-masih-impor

Kareklas K, Nettle D, Smulders T V. Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects. Biol Lett 2013; 9(2):20120999.

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999

Published
2020-09-03
Section
Articles