Berkala Ilmiah Biologi

The Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) and Their Nectar Plants in the Forest Area for Special Purposes (KHDTK) of UIN KHAS Jember

Husni Mubarok — 2025-12-28

Butterflies (Lepidoptera) are essential pollinators and bioindicators of environmental quality. The Forest Area for Special Purposes (KHDTK) of UIN KHAS Jember has experienced forest conversion into agricultural and vegetable cultivation areas, raising the need for biodiversity data to inform management strategies. This study examined butterfly diversity and their host plants through field surveys using an exploration method. A total of 546 individuals representing 31 species from five families were recorded, with Nymphalidae as the most abundant family and Eurema hecabe and Ypthima pandocus as dominant species. The diversity index indicated a moderate level (H’=2.45), accompanied by low evenness (E=0.37) and high dominance (D=0.87). In addition, 20 host plant species from 12 families were identified, with Asteraceae and Verbenaceae being the most prominent. The findings reveal that despite habitat fragmentation, KHDTK UIN KHAS Jember functions as an important butterfly habitat, underscoring the urgency of conservation efforts through host plant enrichment and sustainable vegetation management to preserve pollinator community stability.

The Role of the Sumber Nyolo Sacred Natural Site in Plant Conservation and Ecosystem Services Based on Local Wisdom (A Case Study of Sumber Nyolo, Ngenep Village, Karang Ploso, Malang )

Purnomo Purnomo — 2025-12-30

Abstract: The Sumber Nyolo Natural Sacred Site (NSS) is an area venerated by the local community and characterized by a distinctive plant community structure resembling a forest landscape. This study aims to analyze the role of the Sacred Natural Site (SNS) in plant conservation and ecosystem services, as well as to examine the cultural values of the local community associated with its existence. The research employed a plot sampling method, consisting of four plots distributed throughout the area, with plot sizes of 20 × 20 m for tree-level vegetation, 10 × 10 m for poles, 5 × 5 m for saplings, and 2 × 2 m for seedlings. Data were analyzed descriptively using the Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’), Evenness index (E), Simpson’s dominance index (C), and endemism (End). A total of 53 plant species belonging to 26 families were recorded in the NSS. At the tree and sapling levels, Syzygium pycnanthum was the dominant species with the highest IVI values. At the pole level, co-dominance occurred among Bambusa blumeana, Dendrocalamus asper, and Syzygium littorale, while Syzygium littorale was dominant at the seedling level with the highest IVI value compared to other species. The plant community in the NSS is categorized as stable, as indicated by H’ values of 3.43 (trees), 3.17 (poles), 4.45 (saplings), and 2.23 (seedlings). Species distribution was relatively even, with E’ values of 0.60 (trees), 0.49 (poles), 0.74 (saplings), and 0.34 (seedlings). Moreover, the absence of a dominant species was indicated by C values approaching zero. Most of the recorded plants were local species with a high endemism rate of 94%. Vegetation in the NSS provides various ecological services, including regulating, provisioning, and supporting services. In addition, the NSS functions as a socio-cultural center for the local community, serving as the venue for traditional events such as the Bersih Desa ceremony.

Mitochondrial 16S Gene Polymorphism of Fiddler Crab, Gelasimus borealis (Crane, 1975) from Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta

Tuty Arisuryanti — 2025-12-30

The fiddler crab (Gelasimus borealis (Crane, 1975)) inhabits muddy or sandy intertidal zones in river estuaries or mangrove forests and is commonly found throughout Indonesia. However, studies on the abundance and genetic diversity of G. borealis in Indonesia, particularly regarding the mitochondrial 16S gene, remain limited. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity of G. borealis from Kulon Progo based on the mitochondrial 16S gene. This study used a PCR method using 16Sar and 16Sbr primers, with stages comprising DNA isolation, amplification, electrophoresis, and sequencing. Data analysis was conducted to obtain nucleotide composition, genetic distance, genetic variation, haplotype network, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction using software programs such as GeneStudio, BLAST, MESQUITE, MEGA, DnaSP, BEAST, NETWORK, and GenAIEx. The results showed no genetic variation within the Kulon Progo population (intrapopulation analysis). However, interpopulation analysis using 16S sequence data of G. borealis from Hong Kong and Taiwan available in the GenBank database revealed genetic diversity, consisting of five haplotypes and five polymorphic sites, including two parsimony-informative sites. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity values were 0.857 ± 0.108 and 0.00368 ± 0.00055, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the G. borealis population from Kulon Progo formed a distinct clade, separate from the Hong Kong and Taiwan populations, with a genetic distance of 0.45% but all are still conspecifics. This separation was also supported by the absence of haplotype sharing among the populations, as demonstrated by haplotype network and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). This study is expected to contribute to the development of a 16S gene reference library for the fiddler crab species G. borealis from Kulon Progo, which will be useful for species identification and conservation programs of this crab species.

Genotipic Variation Analysis of Shallot |Allium cepa L.| in Java Island using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat

NITA FITRIANA — 2025-12-30

Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is one of Indonesia's leading agricultural commodities due to their high production. Exports reached USD 6.53 million and have continued to increase over the past decade, making them the fourth-ranked exporter in ASEAN. Its produced in 24 of Indonesia's 34 provinces, with the largest production in Java (Center for Agricultural Data and Information Systems, 2023). Production quality is determined by genotipic variation. This study aimed to analyze the genotipic variation of twelve Allium cepa L. cultivars in Java Island. PCR-ISSR method with 5 random primer (ISSRred20, ISSRed4,ISSRed9,UBC892, and UBC-895) was used to evaluate genotipic variation in Allium. The level of genetic similarity was determined by simple matching coefficient (SSM) and the dendrogram was constructed by clustering analysis using UPGMA. The results of genomic DNA amplification using five primers yielded 40 DNA fragment consisting of 12 monomorphic DNA fragment and 28 polymorphic DNA fragment. Genotypic variation indexes of twelve cultivars were 44.1%. It means had moderate variability because of its had 40-60% similarity. Two clusters were formed. Bauji, Bima, Katumi, Kramat2, Trisula, Kramat1, Pikatan and Tiron had the closest relationship with a similarity value of 64.6%. While the cultivars Sembrani, Maja Cipanas, Mentes and Pancasona had the closest relationship with a similarity value of 66.7% The implications of this research could be based for assembling superior seeds of shallot cultivars in Indonesia to supported national food security for now and in the future.

Diversity of Echinoderms from Intertidal Zone in Mesra Beach, Gunungkidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta

Zatun Nithoghani Hafni — 2025-12-30

Indonesia is considered a country with significant marine biodiversity, which contains many fauna, including Echinoderms that inhabit both shallow and deep waters. The coast of Mesra Beach, Gunung Kidul, has a sandy and rocky terrain, which, in theory, will be a suitable habitat for benthic animals, including Echinoderms. Since Mesra Beach is a relatively new beach in Gunung Kidul, there needs to be more data available that contains information on the diversity of echinoderms living in its intertidal zone during the 2023 period. Therefore, the study is conducted to record the diversity of Echinoderms in the intertidal zone of Mesra Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Data was collected using systematic sampling with 16 1 x 1 plot distributed evenly in 4 transects. The presence of families Echinometridae (Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus trigonarius), Ophiocimidae (Ophiocoma scolopendrina), and Stomopneustidae (Stomopneustes variolaris) are found during the research period.

A Review on The Traditional Utilization of Tagetes erecta L. (Marigold) in The Fields of Agriculture and Medicine in Indonesia

Reza Raihandhany — 2025-12-30

Tagetes erecta also known as marigold is a domesticated plant which traditionally still in use today, both in agricultural and health aspects due to its usefulness and benefits that contains active compounds in the whole plant parts. In the agricultural sector, Tagetes erecta is widely used as a pest agent and disease control in integrated farming practices, while in the health sector, this plant is extensively used in traditional medicine, particularly in several regions in Indonesia. This study reviews the benefits related to Tagetes erecta, notably in agricultural and health sectors, in order to obtain in-depth information regarding their huge potential that has been and has not been optimally in use. Exploring data for this paper using literature studies on related journals by looking for the similarities, differences, point of view by previous research, as well as future prospects, both in local and global utilization. The literature study is also conducted to achieve study objectives. The results found that Tagetes erecta is a plant with enormous benefits, from the roots to flowers. It has distinctive characteristics of active compounds compared to other similar species. However, study on the utilization of Tagetes erecta can lead to optimizing the management of integrated farming systems, increasing food security, maintaining the local wisdom of the community, and providing knowledge about the importance of marigold. Hopefully, the utilization of Tagetes erecta in daily life able to achieve a healthy and sustainable ecosystem to achieve prosperous life in the future.