JANUS

Kawasan Perbukitan Gunung Wungkal di Kabupaten Sleman: Kajian Arkeologi Lanskap

Yulvian Prastyanto — 2023-10-31

The hilly area of Gunung Wungkal, with its fluvial-volcanic plains and denudational hill landforms, has a relatively compound historical-culture in the form of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic potentials. This research is aimed to identify the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic potentials in the area and the formation of the archeological landscape. Quantum-GIS mapping software was applied to spatially analyze the intended area. This research shows that the hilly landscape of the Gunung Wungkal has been spatio-temporally shaped by the occurrence of archaeological remains, historic events, ethnographic perception, as well as the characteristic of local geomorphology. Two landform units are recognized to have different roles. The denudational hills landform is used as a sacred space, while the fluvial-volcanic plains is functioned as communal spaces. In addition, water springs are an important factor of the landscape that greatly influences the formation of the community landscape. Apart from being natural resources, they are also cultural resources that give rise to myths and legends.

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Kawasan perbukitan Gunung Wungkal memiliki bentuk lahan berupa dataran fluvio-vulkanik dan perbukitan denudasional. Kawasan ini mempunyai kronik budaya berupa potensi arkeologi, sejarah, dan etnografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi arkeologi, sejarah, dan etnografi pada masing-masing unit bentuk lahan dan bagaimana karakter lanskap yang terbentuk di Kawasan Perbukitan Gunung Wungkal menggunakan pendekatan arkeologi lanskap. Pengolahan data dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak (software) Quantum GIS (QGIS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lanskap arkeologi yang ada di Kawasan Perbukitan Gunung Wungkal, secara spatio-temporal dibentuk oleh potensi arkeologi lintas periode, sejarah, etnografi, dan kondisi bentang lahan setempat. Bentuk lahan perbukitan denudasional dimanfaatkan menjadi ruang yang bersifat sakral dan dataran fluvio-vulkanik menjadi ruang yang bersifat komunal. Hasil lain menunjukkan bahwa mata air merupakan unsur bentang lahan yang banyak mempengaruhi perkembangan lanskap masyarakat, yaitu sebagai lokus atas kemunculan mitos dan legenda.

Warisan Budaya dalam Konteks Standar Internasional: Penjagaan Warisan Budaya Untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

Muhammad Fadil Ramadhan — 2023-10-31

In the era of globalization, infrastructure and economic development have become the primary focus of countries worldwide. While these projects have the potential to improve quality of life and economic growth, they can also have negative impacts on the environment and cultural heritage. This article discusses the role of international lending institutions, such as Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), in supporting the preservation of cultural heritage in the context of sustainable development. Literature review is used as the research method to inspect the approaches and efforts made by these institutions in identifying, protecting, and conserving cultural heritage in development projects. Through improved understanding and collaboration among these institutions, businesses, and local communities, the preservation of cultural heritage can become an integral part of efforts towards inclusive and sustainable development. Awareness of the importance of unexpected discovery handling procedures is also crucial to address challenges that may arise during project implementation. With the right measures in place, cultural heritage can be preserved for future generations in sustainable development.

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Dalam era globalisasi, pembangunan infrastruktur dan ekonomi menjadi fokus utama negara-negara di seluruh dunia. Meskipun proyek-proyek ini memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, mereka juga dapat berdampak negatif pada lingkungan dan warisan budaya. Artikel ini membahas peran lembaga internasional peminjam dana, seperti Multilateral Development Bank (MDB), dalam mendukung pelestarian warisan budaya dalam konteks pembangunan berkelanjutan. Studi literatur digunakan sebagai metode penelitian untuk menelusuri upaya yang dilakukan oleh lembaga-lembaga ini dalam mengidentifikasi, melindungi, dan melestarikan warisan budaya dalam proyek-proyek pembangunan. Melalui pemahaman dan kolaborasi yang lebih baik antara lembaga-lembaga ini, pelaku usaha, dan komunitas lokal, pelestarian warisan budaya dapat menjadi bagian integral dari upaya menuju pembangunan berkelanjutan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Kesadaran akan pentingnya prosedur penanganan temuan tak terduga juga penting untuk mengatasi tantangan yang mungkin muncul selama pelaksanaan proyek. Dengan langkah-langkah yang tepat, warisan budaya dapat dilestarikan untuk generasi mendatang dalam pembangunan yang berkelanjutan.

Makna Fungsi Pañcatathāgata di Candi Bubrah

Waluyo Waluyo — 2023-12-20

The pañcatathāgata statues at Candi Bubrah are functionally valuable in the large structure of the temple as a maṇḍala. The symbolic and semiotic dimensions of the pañcatathāgata archaelogical artifact at Candi Bubrah, which represent the objects of meditation in the stages of achieving Buddhahood, need to be studied. This research aims to describe the doctrinal reasons behind the presence of the pañcatathāgata in Candi Bubrah; analyze their function in meditation practices; and explain the significance of these function for the achievement of Liberation. Peirce’s trichotomy relations analysis and Strauss’s structuralism approach with qualitative methods are used to examine the material objects of this study. The pañcatathāgata at Candi Bubrah serves as a guide in practicing Buddhist meditation. The meditative functions of the pañcatathāgata statues, each with its own characteristics, as objects of meditation for the development of tranquility, are as follows: Akṣobhya, representing the bhūśparsa mudra, the east, the blue element, the vajra symbol, the physical element, rejection, mirror-like knowledge; Ratnasambhava, with the varada mudra, the south, the yellow element, the jewel, perception, arrogance, knowledge of equality; Amitābha, reflected by the samādhi mudra, the west, the red element, the lotus, the forms of the mind, greed, knowledge of differentiation; Amoghasiddhi, with the characteristic of the abhaya mudra, the north, the green element, the viśvavajra, the knower, jealousy, knowledge of attainment; and Vairocana, with the dharmacakra mudra, the center, the white element, the wheel, feelings, misunderstanding, knowledge of what is. The meditative functions of the pañcatathāgata statues, which represent mental qualities, significantly lead someone to Liberation.

Sistem Irigasi Pertanian Masa Majapahit dan Sumbangannya pada Kemakmuran Negara

Raihana Ayu Maharani — 2023-12-21

The success of agriculture lies in the condition and management of the land, irrigation system, and the participation of the community. It refers to prosperity not only to farmers, but also to the country. The first modern agricultural system in Indonesia was established in the Majapahit era. The agricultural system has advanced and played an important role in contributing prosperity at that time so that it can be revitalized in the present. The purpose of this study is to understand the agricultural irrigation system during the Majapahit period based on inscription and artifact data in Trowulan, analyze the relationship between agricultural irrigation systems and Majapahit prosperity, and identify Majapahit irrigation systems that can be applied in the present. Data retrieval methods are online and offline. Online data retrieval is done with literature, while offline is done with observations, field surveys, and interviews. The data analysis technique in this study is qualitative descriptive. The progress of the Majapahit irrigation system is evidenced by the existence of various archaeological and non-artifactual dwellings. Some artifactual evidence such as terracotta pipelines, canals, old reservoirs, artificial ponds, and temple reliefs. While non-artifactual evidence can be seen in various inscriptions, books, and ancient literary works. Geographical conditions that support causing agriculture to grow rapidly so that the Majapahit agricultural system has a considerable role related to prosperity. Majapahit irrigation system that can be reapplied in the present is an underground irrigation system that is more effective and suitable in areas that have a relatively dry climate. There are several challenges in its application such as the existence of linggan and climate change.

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Keberhasilan pertanian terletak pada kondisi dan pengelolaan tanah, sistem irigasi, dan peran serta masyarakat yang melaksanakan. Dampaknya dapat membawa kemakmuran bukan hanya bagi para petani, tetapi juga negara. Sistem pertanian modern pertama di Indonesia terdapat pada era Majapahit. Sistem pertanian tersebut sudah maju dan berperan penting dalam menyumbang kemakmuran pada masa itu sehingga dapat direvitalisasi untuk diterapkan kembali di masa kini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu memahami sistem irigasi pertanian pada masa Majapahit berdasarkan data prasasti dan artefaktual yang ada di Trowulan, menganalisis hubungan antara sistem irigasi pertanian dengan kemakmuran Majapahit, dan mengidentifikasi sistem irigasi Majapahit yang dapat diterapkan di masa kini. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan secara daring dan luring. Pengambilan data secara daring dilakukan dengan literatur, sedangkan secara luring dilakukan dengan observasi, survei lapangan, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Kemajuan sistem irigasi Majapahit dibuktikan dengan adanya berbagai tinggalan arkeologis artefaktual dan non artefaktual. Beberapa bukti artefaktual seperti pipa saluran berbahan terakota, kanal, waduk tua, kolam buatan, serta relief-relief candi. Sedangkan bukti non artefaktual dapat dilihat pada berbagai prasasti, kitab-kitab, dan karya sastra kuno. Kondisi geografis yang mendukung menyebabkan pertanian berkembang pesat sehingga sistem pertanian Majapahit memiliki peran yang cukup besar terkait dengan kemakmuran. Sistem irigasi Majapahit yang dapat diterapkan kembali di masa kini adalah sistem irigasi bawah tanah yang lebih efektif dan sesuai pada daerah yang mempunyai iklim relatif kering. Terdapat beberapa tantangan dalam penerapannya seperti keberadaan linggan dan perubahan iklim.

Pemanfaatan Konsep Pentahelix dan Pengoptimalan Sistem Drainase sebagai Upaya Penanganan Banjir di Situs Keraton Kaibon

Pratama Dharma Surya — 2023-12-21

The Kaibon Palace Cultural Heritage Site is one of the palaces built during the Kesultanan Banten era. It was constructed in 1815 AD. In 1832 AD, the palacewas destroyed by the Dutch East Indies government However, the remains of the palace buildings still exist. These relics have significant value as witnesses of cultural development and the history of Islam in Banten. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of flooding at the Kaibon Palace and find solutions to these problems. The research method is conducted online through literature study, virtual observation, and qualitative data analysis. The results show that the flooding problem is caused by the process of shallowing of canals and rivers. This occurs, among other things, a lack of concern for the situation of the various stakeholders. this study recommends that the flood problems in the Kaibon Palace can be overcome by utilizing the pentahelix concept and optimizing the drainage system. Utilization of the pentahelix concept is carried out through an active role of the government, academics, business people, community, and media. Optimization of the drainage system is carried out by revitalising the old drainage system and building a new proper drainage system. These recommendations have the potential to be implemented as a consideration in maintaining and preserving the Kaibon Palace in order to create a site area and surrounding environment that is free from the threat of flood disasters and is beneficial for the community.

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Situs Cagar Budaya Keraton Kaibon merupakan salah satu keraton peninggalan masa Kesultanan Banten yang dibangun pada tahun 1815 M. Kompleks bangunan ini dihancurkan oleh Pemerintah Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1832 M. Meskipun demikian, masih ditemukan sisa-sisa bangunan keraton yang memiliki nilai penting sebagai bukti perkembangan kebudayaan dan pengaruh Islam di Banten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab banjir pada Keraton Kaibon dan mencari solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Pengeumpulan data dilakukan secara daring melalui studi literatur dan observasi virtual, selanjutnya data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan masalah banjir lebih disebabkan oleh proses pendangkalan kanal dan sungai. Keadaan ini diakibatkan antara lain sikap kurang peduli dari berbagai pihak pengampu kepentingan. Hasil analisis data merekomendasikan penanganan permasalahan banjir di Keraton Kaibon dapat diatasi dengan pemanfaatan konsep pentahelix dalam pengoptimalan sistem drainase. Pemanfaatan konsep pentahelix dilakukan melalui peran aktif antara pihak pemerintah, akademisi, pelaku bisnis, komunitas, dan media. Pengoptimalan sistem drainase dilakukan dengan memperbarui dan membangun sistem drainase yang layak guna. Rekomendasi tersebut berpotensi diterapkan sebagai pertimbangan dalam menjaga dan melestarikan Keraton Kaibon guna menciptakan kawasan situs dan lingkungan sekitarnya yang bebas dari ancaman bencana banjir dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat.