JANUS https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus <p><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong>JANUS</strong></span>&nbsp;has&nbsp;been published by<span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;the </span><a href="https://arkeologi.ugm.ac.id/">Department of Archaeology</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://fib.ugm.ac.id/">Faculty of Cultural Sciences</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://ugm.ac.id/">Universitas Gadjah Mada</a>, since 2023. Janus is taken from one of <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc">the ancient Roman</span></span> gods, who is <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc"><strong>the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, frames, and endings</strong>. He is usually depicted as having two faces.</span></span> Janus is an academic, open-access, and peer-reviewed journal. <strong>The journal focuses on advancing the study of archaeology, museology, and cultural resources management in Indonesia or those related to Indonesian archaeology.</strong> The articles in the Janus specifically discuss archaeological remains' values, views, and meanings that strengthen theories and improve the quality of criticism or methodological innovations in Indonesian archaeological investigations. Articles submitted cover archaeology and related fields of archaeology in Indonesia, presented in the context of Indonesian culture, focusing on developing critical scientific works.</p> <p><strong>JANUS</strong> is published bi-annually, in June and December. All articles will be published in Indonesia Language and/or English. Submissions are open year-round. However, before submitting an article, please ensure that the article fits into<span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/FocusandScope">Janus's focus and scope</a><span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and follows our<span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/SubmissionGuidelines">submission guidelines</a>. Please note that only research articles or book reviews are accepted.</p> <p><strong>Call For Papers JANUS Volume 3, Number 1 (2025): </strong>More Information: <a href="https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/announcement">here</a></p> Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada en-US JANUS 2987-9612 <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>JANUS</strong> applies the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>, with the copyright on the published articles held by the journal. Authors are required to transmit the copyright to this journal once the articles are accepted. This journal is granted a non-exclusive license to publish the articles as the original publisher, along with the commercial right to publish printed issues for sale. Since this journal applies an open-access mode, authors may post articles published by this journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication while providing bibliographic details that credit this journal.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By publishing with this journal, the copyright holder grants any third party the lawful right to use their published article to the extent provided by the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Subsequently, people are lawfully permitted to share, distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the published articles for noncommercial purposes only, by providing appropriate credit or attribution (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Title, Author, Source, and License of the work</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">), including a link to the license, indicating if any changes were made, and redistribute the derivative outputs under the same license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> Aksesibilitas dan Pelayanan Kesehatan Masa Kolonial: Studi Kasus Zendingsziekenhuis Petronella, Yogyakarta https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/article/view/17887 <p><em>This paper discusses the correlation between accessibility and health service provision during the colonial period, focusing on the case of Zendingsziekenhuis Petronella. </em><em>The study was conducted using spatial archeology analysis and accessibility dimensions based on ‘the concept of access’ by Penchansky &amp; Thomas (1981). The analysis results show that Zendingsziekenhuis Petronella was built in Gondokusuman, located outside the center of Yogyakarta. However, this location was integrated from the early stages with a road and railway network connecting the hospital to the city center and other settlements in the Yogyakarta region and beyond. Thus, this study provides an understanding of the considerations of accessibility in the establishment of hospitals, which can be useful in the development of current health facilities</em><em>.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p>Tulisan ini membahas korelasi antara dimensi aksesibilitas dan pemberian layanan kesehatan selama masa kolonial dengan fokus pada kasus <em>Zendingsziekenhuis Petronella</em>. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode analisis arkeologi spasial dan dimensi aksesibilitas berdasarkan konsep ‘<em>access’ </em>oleh Penchansky &amp; Thomas (1981). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa <em>Zendingsziekenhuis Petronella</em> dibangun di Gondokusuman yang terletak di luar pusat kota Yogyakarta. Meski demikian, lokasi ini sejak awal telah terintegrasi dengan jaringan jalan dan jalur kereta api yang menghubungkan rumah sakit dengan pusat kota dan permukiman lain di wilayah Yogyakarta maupun di luar Yogyakarta. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menghasilkan pemahaman mengenai pertimbangan aspek aksesibilitas dalam pendirian rumah sakit yang dapat berguna dalam pembangunan fasilitas kesehatan saat ini.</p> Vivi Sandra Sari Copyright (c) 2025 JANUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-12-29 2025-12-29 3 2 118 132 10.22146/janus.17887 Makna Simbolik Perahu Paledang pada Komunitas Pemburu Paus dan Penenun di Desa Lamalera, Pulau Lembata https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/article/view/23821 <p><em>The traditional Paledang boat holds a central position in the lives of the Lamalera community on Lembata Island. The profound meaning of this vessel is not only evident in maritime life, but is also visually woven into the motifs of local ikat weaving. This study aims to understand how the Lamalera community interprets the form of the Paledang boat, both as a whaling vessel and as a motif in the woven textiles they produce. Using an ethnoarchaeological approach, this research analyzes two cultural objects through five variables</em><em>:</em><em> construction techniques, temporal and spatial contexts, traditional organization, ceremonial and ritual practices, and the utilization of the Paledang boat and its motif in Lamalera ikat weaving.</em><em> T</em><em>he findings indicate that the Paledang is not merely a tool for whaling, but also represents identity, courage, and a spiritual connection with the sea. Meanwhile, the Paledang motif in Lamalera ikat weaving is not only an aesthetic decoration, but also carries important social and symbolic meanings, particularly in relation to women’s status and exchange within the socio-economic networks of the Lamalera community</em><em>.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p>Perahu Paledang memiliki kedudukan sentral bagi masyarakat Lamalera, Pulau Lembata. Kuatnya makna perahu ini tidak hanya hidup di lautan, tetapi juga terekam secara visual dalam motif kain tenun ikat lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pemaknaan masyarakat Lamalera terhadap bentuk perahu <em>Paledang</em>, baik sebagai sarana perburuan paus maupun sebagai motif kain tenun yang mereka produksi. Dengan pendekatan etnoarkeologi, penelitian ini menganalisis dua objek budaya melalui lima variabel pengamatan: teknik pembuatan, waktu dan tempat pelaksanaan, organisasi tradisional, upacara dan ritual, serta pemanfaatan perahu <em>Paledang </em>dan motif perahu <em>Paledang </em>pada kain tenun Lamalera. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan luasnya makna perahu <em>Paledang</em> yang bukan sekadar alat berburu paus, melainkan wujud identitas, keberanian, dan hubungan spiritual dengan laut. Di sisi lain, motif <em>Paledang</em> dalam tenun tidak hanya sebagai hiasan estetis, tetapi juga sarat makna sosial dan simbolik, khususnya dalam konteks status perempuan dan pertukaran dalam jaringan sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Lamalera.</p> Jesica Herlin Lerrick J. Susetyo Edy Yuwono Copyright (c) 2025 JANUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-12-29 2025-12-29 3 2 133 165 10.22146/janus.23821 Orang Punan Batu Benau Sajau: Kesinambungan Hunter-Gatherer dan Warisan Budaya Karst di Kalimantan Utara https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/article/view/24362 <p><em>The Benau Karst Hills in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan, form an ecological and cultural space that is central to the lives of the Punan Batu Benau Sajau people</em><em>. For them</em><em>, karst caves serve as temporary dwellings, storage spaces for forest products, and sites for cosmological rituals. This study adopts a landscape archaeological perspective to understand the connection between the contemporary practices of the Punan Batu, a hunter-gatherer society, and archaeological evidence of cave dwellings in Kalimantan. It was conducted through brief ethnographic observations (2025), a review of archaeological literature, and integration with genetic findings that confirm the continuity of Punan Batu culture. The results suggest that the Benau karst landscape can be perceived as a cultural landscape, where the subsistence practices, mobility, and cosmology of the local community reflect continuity with prehistoric cave-dwelling practices. This study highlights that preserving customary forests is not only a legal and ecological concern but also vital for maintaining the living archaeological heritage of Southeast Asia.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p>Bukit Karst Benau di Kabupaten Bulungan, Kalimantan Utara, merupakan ruang ekologis dan budaya yang menjadi pusat kehidupan masyarakat Punan Batu Benau Sajau. Bagi mereka, gua-gua karst berfungsi sebagai tempat tinggal sementara, ruang penyimpanan hasil hutan, hingga lokasi ritual kosmologis. Studi ini berangkat dari perspektif arkeologi lanskap untuk memahami keterhubungan antara praktik kontemporer Punan Batu sebagai masyarakat berburu-meramu dengan bukti arkeologis hunian gua di Kalimantan. Kajian ini dilakukan melalui observasi etnografi singkat (2025), studi literatur arkeologi, serta integrasi dengan temuan genetika yang menegaskan kesinambungan budaya Punan Batu. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa lanskap karst Benau dapat dipandang sebagai lanskap budaya, ketika praktik subsistensi, mobilitas, dan kosmologi komunitas lokal mencerminkan kesinambungan dengan praktik hunian gua prasejarah. Studi ini menegaskan bahwa pelestarian hutan adat bukan hanya urusan hukum dan ekologi, melainkan juga pelestarian warisan arkeologi hidup yang masih berlangsung di Asia Tenggara.</p> Adi Prasetijo Copyright (c) 2025 JANUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-12-29 2025-12-29 3 2 166 181 10.22146/janus.24362 Air Mancur Publik Batavia sebagai Simpul Distribusi Air Bersih di Perkotaan Abad ke-18 https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/article/view/27008 <p><em>This </em><em>article examines Batavia's Stadhuisplein public fountain as a key node for clean water distribution in the 18th-century waterleiding network and as an entry point into urban sanitation archaeology. The research employs a critical realist framework, combining the hydrosocial cycle and actor-network theory to connect the fountain's form, materials, and technology with the social dynamics behind water distribution in the colonial city center. Sources include VOC archives, local institutional records, historical maps, and iconography from Heydt and Rach, alongside a re-examination of the 1973–1974 excavation and reconstruction of the fountain in Fatahillah Park. Findings reveal the fountain functioned as a downstream node in a network linking Molenvliet waterplaats, the Stadhuis, and Kasteel through covered pipes, reflecting colonial sanitation policies that perpetuated unequal water access. The 20th-century reconstruction redefined the fountain from functional infrastructure to an urban memory monument, emphasizing the value of studying sanitation at the infrastructure node level. This study encourages further research on historical water nodes in Jakarta's Old Town.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p>Artikel ini mengkaji air mancur publik di <em>Stadhuisplein</em> Batavia sebagai simpul distribusi air bersih dalam jaringan <em>waterleiding</em> abad ke-18 serta sebagai pintu masuk kajian arkeologi sanitasi perkotaan. Berbasis kerangka realisme kritis, penelitian ini memadukan konsep siklus hidrososial dan <em>actor-network theory</em> untuk menautkan bentuk, bahan, dan teknologi air mancur dengan relasi sosial yang mengatur distribusi air di pusat kota kolonial. Data diperoleh dari arsip VOC (<em>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</em>), lembaga lokal, kartografi historis, ikonografi Heydt dan Rach, serta pembacaan ulang ekskavasi dan rekonstruksi air mancur di Taman Fatahillah pada 1973–1974. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa air mancur tersebut berfungsi sebagai simpul hilir dari jaringan pipa tertutup yang menghubungkan <em>waterplaats</em> <em>Molenvliet</em> dengan <em>Stadhuis</em> dan <em>Kasteel</em>. Infrastruktur ini merupakan hasil dari kebijakan sanitasi kolonial sekaligus mereproduksi ketimpangan akses air di kota Batavia. Rekonstruksi pada abad ke-20 menggeser fungsi air mancur dari infrastruktur fungsional menjadi monumen memori kota dan menegaskan pentingnya kajian sanitasi perkotaan pada skala simpul infrastruktur. Studi ini mendorong penelitian lanjutan mengenai simpul-simpul air bersejarah di kawasan Kota Tua Jakarta.</p> Argi Arafat Copyright (c) 2026 JANUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-12-29 2025-12-29 3 2 182 204 10.22146/janus.27008 Perubahan Bentuk Busur Abad VIII-XV Berdasarkan Relief Candi Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/janus/article/view/26570 <p><em>The bow is an important instrument in the development of human civilization, including in the Indonesian archipelago. Its functions as a hunting tool, a weapon for warfare, and later as a means of sport and recreation have ensured its continued relevance across different historical periods. In the Indonesian Classical Period, its presence is represented in temple reliefs in Central and East Java. This study aims to examine the transformation of bow forms from the 8th to the 15th centuries CE based on temple relief representations. The data were collected from archery scenes depicted in the reliefs of Borobudur, Prambanan, Penataran, Kedaton, Surawana, and Sukuh temples. The analysis applies chrono-typology and seriation to compare several attributes, namely the ratio of bow length to archer height, bow type, curvature, and decoration. The results show significant changes over time, including a reduction in size, a shift in the dominant type from vansa to saranga, a transformation of curvature from straight to reflex-deflex, and increasing variation in kotidhanus design. These transformations are influenced by technological, military, political, and economic factors. The findings also indicate that bows and arrows are part of a dynamic human–artifact interaction that contributes to cognitive development and collective learning processes.</em></p> <p><em>===</em></p> <p>Busur adalah perangkat yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perkembangan peradaban manusia, termasuk di wilayah kepulauan Indonesia. Fungsinya sebagai alat berburu, keprajuritan atau berperang hingga olahraga atau rekreasi membuat busur selalu memiliki peran tertentu dalam setiap zaman. Pada Zaman Klasik Indonesia, busur masih menunjukkan eksistensinya melalui berbagai relief candi di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana perubahan bentuk busur yang digambarkan pada relief candi dari zaman ke zaman maka perlu dilakukan penelitian. Penelitian dipusatkan pada relief adegan memanah pada Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, Penataran, Kedaton, Surawana dan Sukuh. Krono-tipologi dan seriasi disusun berdasarkan atribut busur yang akan dibandingkan, yaitu: rasio panjang busur dan tinggi pemanah, jenis busur, kurvatur serta dekorasi. Dari hasil analisis diketahui bahwa sepanjang abad ke-8 M hingga ke-15 M, busur di Jawa mengalami perubahan: ukuran memendek, mayoritas jenis <em>vansa </em>menjadi <em>saranga</em>, kurvatur lurus menjadi <em>reflex-deflex</em>, desain <em>kotidhanus </em>yang beragam. Faktor teknologi, militer, politik dan ekonomi menjadi pendorong utama perubahan yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa busur panah memiliki dinamika interaksi dengan manusia sebagai agen pendorong perkembangan kognisi dan proses belajar kolektif.</p> Irvan Setiawan Copyright (c) 2026 JANUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 2025-12-29 2025-12-29 3 2 205 238 10.22146/janus.26570