Diversity of Butterfly in The Segenter Waterfall Eco-Tourism Area, Lombok Island Forest Park, Indonesia

Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi; Agil Al  Idrus; Aliefman Hakim; Lalu Zulkifli; Joni  Rokhmat; AA Sukarso; Didik Santoso; Gito  Hadiprayitno; Muhammad Syazali; Gde Cahyadi Wirajagat

doi:10.22146/jtbb.14040

Mohammad Liwa Ilhamdi Department of Science Education, Graduate Program, University of Mataram. Jl. Majapahit No.62, Mataram, 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5039-1676
Agil Al Idrus Department of Biology Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3878-8169
Aliefman Hakim Department of Science Education, Graduate Program, University of Mataram. Jl. Majapahit No.62, Mataram, 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-853X
Lalu Zulkifli Department of Biology Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9213-1670
Joni Rokhmat Department of Science Education, Graduate Program, University of Mataram. Jl. Majapahit No.62, Mataram, 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-1286
AA Sukarso Department of Science Education, Graduate Program, University of Mataram. Jl. Majapahit No.62, Mataram, 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5398-5251
Didik Santoso Department of Biology Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.
Gito Hadiprayitno Department of Biology Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.
Muhammad Syazali Department of Elementary School Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-344X
Gde Cahyadi Wirajagat Department of Biology Education, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2604-8796

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.14040

Keywords: Conservation, Diversity, Segenter Waterfall, Species, Suborder Rhopalocera

Abstract

Segenter Waterfall (SWF) is one of the ecotourism spots in the Nuraksa Forest Park, Lombok, Indonesia that requires conservation efforts to be optimally and sustainably utilised. This necessitates data related to the synecology of important ecosystem components, namely butterflies. Butterflies play an important role in pollinating plants for ecosystem sustainability. This research aims to analyse the diversity of Lepidoptera suborder Rhopalocera at SWF. The research was conducted during January-June 2024 using direct survey techniques with sweeping net. Sampling locations included the downstream watercourse, around the SWF, and the upstream watercourse. The collected data consisted of species richness and the number of individuals per butterfly species. The data obtained were analysed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Evenness index, and Simpson's dominance index. During the observations, we found a total of 24 butterfly species represented by 5 families. The total number of specimens successfully collected was 84 individuals, with Jamides celeno being the most predominant species. The ecological index analysis results showed that H’ = 3.115, E = 0.980, and C = 0.047. This indicated that the diversity of Lepidoptera from the suborder Rhopalocera is considered high. SWF has important value for the community as a source of clean water, tourist destination, conservation centre, cultural ritual site, and environmental education facility. This needs to be maintained so that the SWF area can become a sustainable ecotourism area.

References

Ashari, R.Y., Ilhamdi, M.L. & Santoso, D., 2022. The diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in the Aik Bukak Tourism Park Area. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 22(1), pp.23–29. doi: 10.29303/jbt.v22i1.2850

Benjamin, M.A.Z. et. al., 2021. Documenting butterflies diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Nymphalidae) as potential nature tourism products at Sukau Rainforest Lodge and Sukau Ecotourism Research Centre, Kinabatangan, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation, 18, pp.291-303.

Bhardwaj, M. et al., 2012. Butterfly communities along an elevational gradient in the Tons valley, Western Himalayas: Implications of rapid assessment for insect conservation. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15(2), pp.207-217. doi: 10.1016/J.ASPEN.2011.12.003

Bhat, D.M., Sheikh, M.A. & Khan, S.A., 2020. The butterfly pests (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) of brassicaceae crops and their biological control in J&K - A review. International Journal of Zoology Studies, 5(2), pp.5-8.

Braby, M.F., 2004. The Complete Field Guide Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publisihing, Canberra.

Cleary, D.F.R. & Grill, A., 2004. Butterfly response to severe ENSO-induced forest fires in Borneo. Ecological Entomology, 29(6), pp.666-676. doi: 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00649.x

Curtis, R.J. et al., 2015. Butterfly abundance is determined by food availability and is mediated by species traits. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(6), pp.1676-1684. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12523

Cutter, J. et al., 2022. Cattle grazing results in greater floral resources and pollinators than sheep grazing in low-diversity grasslands. Ecology and Evolution, 12(1), e8396. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8396.

DISLHK, 2018, 'Tahura Nuraksa, Destinasi Wisata Alam Baru di Pulau Lombok', in Dinas LHK Provinsi NTB, viewed from https://dislhk.ntbprov.go.id/2018/05/09/tahura-nuraksa-destinasi-wisata-alam-baru-di-pulau-lombok/

Eastwood, R., Kitching R. & Manh, H.B., 2005. Behavioral observations on the early stages of Jamides celeno (Cramer) (Lycaenidae) at Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam: An obligate myrmecophole. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 59(4), pp.219-222.

Gagnarli, E. et al., 2023. The Habitat Network for Butterfly Communities of the Alta Murgia National Park (Apulia, Italy). Land, 12(5), 1039. doi: 10.3390/land12051039

Gordon, S.C.C. & Kerr, J.T., 2022. Floral diversity increases butterfly diversity in a multitrophic metacommunity. Ecology, 103(8), e3735. doi: 10.1002/ecy.3735

Ghosh, S. & Saha, S., 2019. Host plant based ecobiological attributes of a mimetic set of Nymphalids from Taki, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal: A comparative documentation. World Scientific News, (119), 1-26.

Hapsari, R.A., Idrus, A.A. & Ilhamdi, M.L., 2022. Diversity of Butterfly (Rhopalocera) in The River Flow Area at Taman Hutan Raya Sesaot as an Enrichment of Animal Ecology Practicum Materials. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 22(1), pp.179–185. doi: 10.29303/jbt.v22i1.2610

Horák, J. et al., 2021. Importance of meteorological and land use parameters for insect diversity in agricultural landscapes. Science of The Total Environment, 791, 148159. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.148159

Ilhamdi, M.L., Idrus, A.A, & Santoso, D., 2018. Diversity of species and conservation priority of butterfly at Suranadi Natural Park of West Lombok, Indonesia. Biosantifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 10(1), pp.48–55. doi: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i1.10695

Ilhamdi, M.L. et al., 2023. Abundance and diversity of butterfly in the Lombok Forest Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(2), pp.688 - 695. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d240205

Ilhamdi, M.L. et al., 2024. Species richness and dispersion patterns of Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) in the Nuraksa Forest Park, Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 25(1), pp.62–70. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d250108

Ismail, N. et al., 2020. Butterfly as bioindicator for development of conservation areas in Bukit Reban Kambing, Bukit Belading and Bukit Tukau, Johor, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21(1), pp.334-344. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d210141.

Jensen, C.R., & Langergaard, L.L., 2020. The returning butterflies: Social entrepreneurs and sustainability in ecotourism. Forskning og forandring, 3(2), pp.6-26. doi: 10.23865/fof.v3.2404.

Knerl, A., & Bowers M.D., 2013. Incorporation of an introduced weed into the diet of a native butterfly: Consequences for preference, performance and chemical defense. Journal of chemical ecology, 39(10), pp.1313-1321. doi: 10.1007/s10886-013-0355-3

Koneri, R. & Nangoy, M., 2019. Butterfly community structure and diversity in Sangihe Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2), pp.2501–2517. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1702_25012517

Koneri, R., Nangoy, M. J. & Siahaan, P., 2019. The abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(11), pp.3275–3283. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d201121

Koneri, R., Maabut, P.V. & Nangoy, M., 2020. The distribution and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in various urban forests in North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(2), pp.2295–2314. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1802_22952314

Legal, L. et al., 2020. Lepidoptera are relevant bioindicators of passive regeneration in tropical dry forests. Diversity, 12(6), 231. doi: 10.3390/d12060231.

Lemelin, R.H., & Jaramillo-López P.F., 2020. Orange, black, and a little bit of white is the new shade of conservation: the role of tourism in Monarch Butterfly Conservation in Mexico. Journal of Ecotourism, 19(4), pp.291-303. doi: 10.1080/14724049.2019.1656726

Magurran, A.E., 2021. Measuring biological diversity. Current Biology, 31(19), R1174–R1177. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.049.

Mahata, A. et al., 2023. Microclimate and vegetation structure significantly affect butterfly assemblages in a tropical dry forest. Climate, 11(11), 220. doi: 10.3390/cli11110220

Marquina, D. et al., 2021. The effect of ethanol concentration on the morphological and molecular preservation of insects for biodiversity studies. PeerJ, 9, e10799. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10799

Matsumoto, K., Noerdjito, W.A. & Cholik, E., 2012. Butterflies recently recorded from Lombok. TREUBIA: A Journal on Zoology of The Indo-Australian Archipelago, 39, pp.27-40.

Mecenero, S. et al., 2015. Roles of spatial scale and rarity on the relationship between butterfly species richness and human density in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0124327. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124327

Miller III, D.G., Lane J., & Senock R., 2011. Butterflies as potential bioindicators of primary rainforest and oil palm plantation habitats on New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Conservation Biology, 17(2), pp.149-159. doi: 10.1071/PC110149

Ndatimana, G. et al., 2022. Morph frequencies, sex ratios and infections in Danaus chrysippus populations in Rwanda. African Journal of Ecology, 60(3), pp.633-640. doi: 10.1111/aje.13014

Pacheco, J.A.F. et al., 2021. Inventory of diurnal butterflies in tropical agroecosystems as bioindicators of environmental quality. Revista Torreón Universitario, 10(27), pp.92-107. doi: 10.5377/torreon.v10i27.10843.

Panettieri, S. et al., 2018. Different ommochrome pigment mixtures enable sexually dimorphic Batesian mimicry in disjunct populations of the common palmfly butterfly, Elymnias hypermnestra. PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0202465. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202465

Peggie, D. & Amir, M., 2006. Practical Guide to the Butterflies of Bogor Botanic Garden – Panduan Praktis Kupu-kupu di Kebun Raya Bogor, Cibinong: Research Center of Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

Pires, A.C.V. et al., 2020. Altitudinal variation in butterfly community associated with climate and vegetation. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(suppl 2), e20190058. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190058

Putri, H., Ichsan, A.C. & Setiawan, B., 2020. The potential study of Segenter Waterfall as a tourist destination in the Tahura Nuraksa. Journal of Sylva Indonesiana, 03(02), pp.97–106. doi: 10.32734/jsi.v3i02.2850

Rahayu, M. & Hidayah, B.N., 2018. Ecotourism at Nuraksa Forest Park Area of West Lombok - Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 5(1), pp.52–57. doi: 10.18178/joaat.5.1.52-57

Rahman, A.A.A. & Maryati, M., 2021. Checklist of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilonoidea and Hesperioidea) in Gunung Pulai Forest Reserve, Johor. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 736(1), 012058. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/736/1/012058

Reddy, D.S., & Hemadri, T., 2018. First Occurrence of Banana Skipper (Erionota torus) in Kodur Region of Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(02), pp.1081–1084. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.134 1084

Sarma, K. et al., 2013. Diversity and habitat association of butterfly species in Foothills of Itanagar, Arunchal Pradesh, India. Journal of Zoology, 1(2), pp.67–77.

Soule, A.J., Decker, L.E. & Hunter, M.D., 2020. Effects of diet and temperature on monarch butterfly wing morphology and flight ability. Journal of Insect Conservation, 24, pp.961-975. doi: 10.1007/s10841-020-00267-7

Sumiati, Idrus, A.A. & Ilhamdi, L., 2018. Keanekaragaman kupu-kupu (Subordo Rhopalocera) di Kawasan Hutan Jeruk Manis. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Biologi, 399–404.

Vikas, M.N., 2020. A preliminary checklist of butterflies from Adukkam forest in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(4), pp.632–637.

Wahyuni, T., 2015. Panduan Lapangan Kupu-Kupu di TWA Kerandangan. Mataram: BKSDA NTB.