First Record on Microbial Colonies in Freshwater Sponges in East Java, Indonesia, and Their Estimated Pollutant Degradation Genes

Edwin  Setiawan; Michael Einstein  Hermanto; Ahmad Yanuar; Catur  Riani; Wuttichai  Mhuanthong; Fitra Adi Prayogo; Dyah Wulandari; Anto  Budiharjo; Laurensius M.  Jackie

doi:10.22146/jtbb.19647

Edwin Setiawan Department of Biology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3947-3334
Michael Einstein Hermanto Postgraduate Alumni of Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111
Ahmad Yanuar PT. Milieu Elang Abadi, Pondok Wage Indah II Waru, Sidoarjo 61257, Indonesia
Catur Riani School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa No.10 Bandung, Indonesia, 40132
Wuttichai Mhuanthong National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) | BioTec. Bioresources Technology Unit, Thailand
Fitra Adi Prayogo Biomedical Sciences Study Program, Karya Husada University, Jl. R. Kompol Soekanto No.46, Semarang, Indonesia, 50276 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-2654
Dyah Wulandari Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Soegijapranata Catholic University (SCU), UNIKA Semarang, Indonesia, 50219 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0923-8317
Anto Budiharjo Molecular and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Central Laboratory of Research and Service, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Sudharto SH, Semarang, Indonesia, 58275; Biotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Semarang, Indonesia, 50275 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5138
Laurensius M. Jackie Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Semarang, Indonesia, 50275

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.19647

Keywords: East Java Indonesia, Eunapius carteri, Oncosclera asiatica, Freshwater sponges, Microbial colonies

Abstract

Sponges are known to harbor diverse and abundant microbial colonies. Nevertheless, studies on the diversity and abundance of microbial colonies in freshwater sponges have not been as extensive as those of marine sponges. This study investigates the microbial colonies of two freshwater sponge species, Eunapius carteri and Oncosclera asiatica, from the Kaliporong River in Indonesia. High microbial diversity was observed, with E. carteri harboring over 1,400 unique microbial species (Operational Taxonomic Units or OTUs) and O. asiatica hosting over 400. Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial group in both sponges, comprising over 90 % of O. asiatica and over 50 % in E. carteri colonies. Functional profiling revealed a high potential for xenobiotic degradation in both sponge species, particularly through pathways involving Cytochrome P450 and the degradation of benzoate, caprolactam, and aminobenzoate. O. asiatica shows more of these degradation pathways than E. carteri. For example, benzoate degradation, involving over 60 genes or enzymes, was more pervasive in O. asiatica (5.81 %) than in E. carteri (5.03 %). These findings highlight the significant role of freshwater sponges in supporting diverse microbial populations with potential for bioremediation, particularly in polluted environments like the Kaliporong River. Further research is needed to understand the specific functions of these microbial colonies in freshwater sponges and their impact on the ecosystem.

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