Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology

Hematological Profile of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) From Timor Island: A First Report

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

This study analysed the hematological profile of wild boars on Timor Island as a physiological reference. Blood from 10 healthy adult wild boars (5 males and 5 females, 3–5 years, 15–30 kg) was collected via the jugular vein and analysed. Leukocyte counts were lower than reference values, with elevated neutrophils and reduced lymphocytes and eosinophils. Monocyte and basophil levels remained within normal range. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (4.15) indicated physiological stress. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and PCV exceeded reference values, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC were normal. Variations may reflect genetic, environmental, nutritional, seasonal, geographic,and handling stress factors.

Thermophilic Biosurfactant-Mediated Stabilization of Silver Nanoparticles by Aeribacillus pallidus

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using microorganisms is an eco-friendly approach that reduces the environmental impact of conventional chemical methods. This study focuses on the utilization of the thermophilic bacterium Aeribacillus pallidus, isolated from the Badekbek hot spring in Bokod, Benguet, Philippines, to synthesize AgNPs through biosurfactant-mediated reduction of AgNO₃ in a reverse micelle system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that biosurfactant-stabilized AgNPs exhibited spherical to amorphous shapes with a uniform size distribution ranging from 1.12 nm to 32.45 nm and an average size of 9.65 ± 5.74 nm. In contrast, nonstabilized AgNPs displayed irregular morphologies due to significant agglomeration, with sizes from 4.92 nm to 162.99 nm and an average of 29.20 ± 21.52 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of functional groups in the biosurfactant that likely contributed to the stabilization of AgNPs, reducing their tendency to aggregate. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the high silver content in both biosurfactant-stabilized (83.43 %) and nonstabilized (84.61 %) AgNPs, with a notable increase in oxygen (6.59 %) and carbon (9.31 %) concentrations in the biosurfactant-stabilized nanoparticles, correlating with the FTIR results. The findings suggest that the biosurfactants produced by A. pallidus effectively mitigate nanoparticle aggregation, enhancing the stability and quality of the synthesized AgNPs. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of thermophilic biosurfactants for green synthesis, while recognizing that validation of their biological and industrial applications requires further investigation.

The Play Behaviour of Elephant Calves (Elephas maximus sumatranus) at The Conservation Response Unit (CRU), Tangkahan, Langkat, North Sumatra

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

Play behaviour is a key component of animal development that enhances motor coordination, social bonding, and adaptability. This study examined the play behaviour of three four-year-old Sumatran elephant calves (Elephas maximus sumatranus) housed at the Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Tangkahan, Langkat, North Sumatra. Observations were conducted using focal animal sampling and continuous recording for a total of 80 hours, yielding 14,400 behavioural data points. Eleven elephants’ play behaviour categories were identified, with locomotion showing the highest frequency 66.9 %), followed by running (13.0 %) and trunk entwining (6.3 %). The male calf exhibited a higher proportion of active play compared with females, suggesting potential sex-related differences in energy expenditure and social interaction. These findings provide the first quantitative description of play behaviour in Sumatran elephant calves under managed care. The behavioural patterns observed may serve as baseline indicators for assessing welfare and designing enrichment activities in ex-situ conservation settings. Understanding the diversity and frequency of play behaviours can help managers evaluate psychological well-being and promote natural behaviours essential for long-term conservation success.

Integrated Morphological, Molecular, and Phytochemical Study of Kasna Bikul, an Underexplored Plant from Mount Agung, Bali

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

Kasna Bikul is a highland plant previously unrecorded in scientific literature. This study aims to identify and to document Kasna Bikul from Besakih Village, Rendang District, Karangasem Regency, Bali, using morphological, molecular, and phytochemical approaches. DNA barcoding with the matK marker revealed that Kasna Bikul shares 100 % sequence identity with Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum. Despite the genetic similarity to P. hypoleucum, the species’ distribution suggests that Kasna Bikul is more likely to be P. luteoalbum. Morphological characteristics, particularly of the flowers and leaves, were described as supporting evidence. Phytochemical profiling using GC-MS identified potential metabolites in the leaves and flowers, including escoparone. This research presents the first record of Kasna Bikul documented through an integrated molecular, morphological, and phytochemical approach. The findings provided a scientific basis for the conservation and potential utilisation of this underexplored local species.

Aspect-Driven Variations in Soil and Flora: Insights from Menoreh Highland

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

This study examined the influence of slope aspects on soil chemical properties and floral biodiversity within the Menoreh Highland in Indonesia, with a specific focus on the east, north, south, and west-facing slopes. The sampling protocol involved collecting, identifying, and subsequently calculating biodiversity metrics, including Shannon-Wiener, Simpson Index, Richness, and Evenness for each slope aspect. The soil variables scrutinised encompassed moisture content, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA followed by LSD (α = 5 %), were employed, and correlations between soil chemical properties, microclimate parameters, and biodiversity indices were computed. Humid slopes (south and west) exhibited diminished solar radiation, air temperature, pH, total phosphorus (P), total potassium (K), available calcium (Ca), available magnesium (Mg), coupled with elevated humidity, soil moisture content, SOM, SOC, total nitrogen, CEC, and available sulphur (S) in comparison to arid slopes (east and north). Variations due to varied microclimates and soil chemical properties cause differences in floral diversity. The east slope emerged as the pinnacle of diversity, as delineated by indices such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Index, Evenness, and Richness, characterised predominantly by the prevalence of shrub species. Conversely, the west slope exhibited the lowest diversity and was principally dominated by arboreal species. This comprehensive exploration underscores the intricate interplay between slope aspect, soil properties, microclimate, and floral diversity, elucidating the intricate ecological dynamics in the Menoreh Highland.

Spatial Analysis of Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus ssp. melas G. Cuiver, 1809) Habitat Modeling Using Landscape Structure Approach

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

Population growth, agricultural activities, and infrastructure development on Java Island have significantly contributed to the reduction and fragmentation of forest cover, resulting in habitat loss and the decline of wildlife populations. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) is the largest forest complex in West Java. GHSNP is also home to one of Java's key endemic species, the Javan leopard, whose habitat is currently threatened. This study aims to analyse forest fragmentation in GHSNP by evaluating landscape structure that supports the habitat of Javan leopard. Additionally, it is crucial to obtain the suitable model habitat for the Javan leopard using Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) with environmental and landscape structure variables. The analysis revealed that forest fragmentation has occurred in several areas of GHSNP, as indicated by various landscape structure indices. Furthermore, one of the ENM Ensemble models demonstrated superior performance compared to Maximum Likelihood, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Boosted Regression Trees. Variables that influence habitat model development primarily encompass environmental factors such as elevation, prey distribution, and forest cover, with landscape structures exhibiting a comparatively minor yet notable effect. By integrating species occurrence data with detailed landscape metrics, habitat models can assess and rank areas based on their ecological value and contribution to long-term population viability. These models also enable the simulation of future habitat dynamics under scenarios such as forest fragmentation, allowing conservationists to anticipate range contractions or expansions and to implement forward-looking strategies to Javan leopard conservation.

Metagenomic Profile of the Microbiota Communities Associated with Ixodes cordifer Ticks from Cuscuses (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

This study aims to reveal the metagenomic profile of the microbiota community associated with I. cordifer isolated from cuscuses (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) on Ambon Island to understand the ecological relationship between ticks, cuscuses, and the microorganisms they carry within a small island ecosystem characterized by high endemism. Current analyses showed that the bacterial community was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes (syn. Bacillota), Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Among these communities, several key species were identified with distinct biological roles, including taxa related to the Bacillus cereus group as dominant bacteria with pathogenic and toxigenic potential that may affect host health and pose zoonotic risks. Conversely, the presence of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mycoides, and Brevibacillus laterosporus suggests a potentially protective and mutualistic role, although further functional validation using gene annotation or metatranscriptomic approaches is required. These species are known to produce antimicrobial metabolites and contribute to microbiota stability through a mechanism known as “colonisation resistance”, defined as the ability of resident microbiota to inhibit colonisation by opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria entering through the host or environment. Overall, these findings demonstrate that tick-associated microbiota not only reflect vector physiological adaptation but also have the potential to influence pathogen–host interactions within local ecological systems. Therefore, this study provides initial insights into microbiota dynamics in cuscus-associated ticks from the Wallacea region and underscores the importance of further research on microbiota roles in wildlife health, zoonotic potential, and biotechnological prospects.

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) Influences Growth, Physiological, and Metabolite Profiles in Mahogany Seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King)

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Light is essential for plant life, as it influences growth, physiology, and metabolism. Artificial Light at Night (ALAN), commonly used for recreational purposes, such as in the Bogor Botanical Garden (Kebun Raya Bogor/KRB) from December 2021 to October 2022, may have an adverse effect health of tropical plants. However, its impacts on tropical tree species, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King), remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of ALAN on mahogany seedlings by assessing their growth performance, physiological responses, and changes in metabolite profile under various ALAN treatments. A split-plot factorial randomised block design with three replications was employed. The treatments comprised three ALAN factors: light colour, duration, and intensity. Parameters measured included growth rate, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and metabolite profiles. The results indicated that ALAN significantly increased chlorophyll content, but decrease stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthethic rate, leading to reduced growth. Moreover, ALAN altered secondary metabolism, with decrease in several flavonoids (e.g., cyanidin, phellopterin, and homoorientin) and increase in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and astilbin.These findings highlighted the detrimental effects of ALAN on tropical plants and provided valuable insights for managing agroforestry systems and urban green spaces.

Diversity and Morphology of Local Durian (Durio spp.) in the Region of KPHP IX Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Indonesia is rich in plant diversity, and durian (Durio spp.) is one of its important fruit crops, valued both economically and culturally. In the Production Forest Management Unit (KPHP IX) Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, numerous local durian variants with distinct characteristics remain undocumented. This study aimed to assess the morphological diversity of 26 local durian accessions through quantitative evaluation of vegetative and reproductive traits. Morphological data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s LSD for pairwise comparisons, while principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses were applied to determine trait associations and genetic relationships. The accessions represented two species: Durio zibethinus Murr. (25 variants) and Durio oxleyanus Griff. (a single variant, Sijabak). Local naming reflected morphological diversity related to fruit shape, spine structure, pulp texture, and flavour. Significant morphological variation was observed, with fruit size and weight, pulp thickness and weight, and seed dimensions serving as the most discriminating traits. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two major clusters at a Euclidean distance of approximately 6.0 (cophenetic correlation r = 0.81), separating large-fruited from small-fruited types. The first three principal components explained 53.58 % of total variation, primarily influenced by fruit and seed traits along with leaf dimensions. These results demonstrated that fruit and seed morphology are effective diagnostic characters for distinguishing local durian genotypes, providing essential baseline information for conservation and breeding strategies in North Sumatra.

In vitro and in silico Evaluation of Fructo-Oligosaccharide and Galacto-Oligosaccharide Utilisation by Bifidobacterium breve Strain BS2-PS1

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

A novel Bifidobacterium breve strain, BS2-PS1, was recently isolated from human breast milk. As prebiotics are essential for the growth and functionality of various beneficial bacteria, potentials of two frequently studied prebiotics to date, i.e., galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), were compared in supporting the growth of B. breve BS2-PS1. A combination of in vitro and in silico approaches was utilized in this study. The utilisation of GOS significantly enhanced the growth of B. breve BS2-PS1 compared to the controls, while FOS moderately increased its growth rate. Whole-genome sequencing of strain BS2-PS1 confirmed that it belonged to B. breve and revealed the presence of glycoside hydrolase families in its genome capable of hydrolysing β-glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides. Enzymes responsible for the breakdown of GOS, i.e., β-galactosidase (GH42), and FOS, i.e., β-fructofuranosidase (GH32), were indeed identified in the genome of B. breve BS2-PS1. In conclusion, both in silico and in vitro analyses suggest that B. breve BS2-PS1 may serve as a valuable candidate for symbiotic strategies that ultimately aimed at improving human health.

Secondary Metabolite Screening of Marine Bacteria Roseivirga sp. PAP.19 and Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21 as an Antimicrobial using the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) Approach

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

One of the most promising sources for the discovery and development of new antibiotics is marine microorganisms from the phylum Bacteroidetes. However, the output of exploration campaigns exploiting the Bacteroidetes phylum still needs to be improved. Co-culture represents an approach for discovering new metabolites that increases metabolite diversity and avoids the rediscovery of known metabolites. This research aims to determine the antimicrobial potential of the extracts derived from the co-culture of the bacteria Roseivirga sp. PAP.19 and Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21. In this study, Roseivirga sp. PAP.19 and Sinomicrobium sp. PAP.21 were co-cultured under different culture conditions, following the principle of the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, to enhance metabolite diversity. The resulting extracts were analysed in a time-based fashion by molecular networking of the LC-HRMS profile. The OSMAC principle was applied to activate the production of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and thereby hopefully trigger the production of new antimicrobial compounds. Extracts of the co-culture produced various secondary metabolites. In our study, we detected surfactin C13 (m/z 1008.65 [M+H]), surfactin C14 (m/z 1022.67 [M+H]), and surfactin C15 (m/z 1036.69 [M+H]⁺). These metabolites are known to possess antimicrobial activity with potential applications against pathogenic bacteria.

Genetic Relationships and Population Structure of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac) in Peninsular Malaysia using RAPD Markers and BinMat Visualisation

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

This study examined the genetic diversity and population structure of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac) accessions from various states across Peninsular Malaysia using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Binary RAPD-PCR data were analysed through non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), hierarchical clustering with bootstrap support, and reliability assessment via Shepard plots. Results revealed substantial genetic variation among M. cochinchinensis accessions, with no clear geographical clustering, indicating moderate genetic differentiation. The nMDS analysis achieved an acceptable stress value of 14 % in two dimensions, while the Shepard plot demonstrated high reliability (R² = 0.84). Hierarchical clustering identified two major genetic lineages with varying bootstrap support, with some accessions—particularly those from Penang—showing high genetic similarity (bootstrap values >90 %). The observed genetic structure suggests that gene flow among populations has prevented complete genetic isolation despite some regional patterns. These findings provided valuable insights for conservation and breeding programs, highlighting the need to preserve populations across multiple states to maintain the full genetic diversity of M. cochinchinensis, a species of significant nutritional and medicinal value.

Butterflies’ Diversity and Nectar Resource Use across Altitudinal Gradients in Cibodas Resort, Mount Gede Pangrango National Park

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Butterflies are an important insect group that play a crucial role in ecosystems as pollinators and bioindicators of environmental quality. This study aimed to analyse the diversity and habitat of butterflies at the Cibodas Resort in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP). The Visual Encounter Survey method was modified using the Time-Constrained Count method with diversity analysis using the Shannon-Wiener Index. Data on flowering plants directly utilised by butterflies as nectar sources were collected at Cidendeng Waterfall (1390 m asl), Telaga Biru (1500 m asl), Cibeureum Waterfall (1650 m asl), and Hot Springs (2150 m asl). The highest butterfly diversity was recorded at Telaga Biru (H’ = 3.22), Cidendeng Waterfall (H’ = 3.02), Cibeureum Waterfall (H’ = 3.00), and the Hot Springs area (H’ = 1.36). This study identified ten plant species as nectar sources for butterflies, including Impatiens platypetala, Impatiens javensis, Medinilla sp., Ageratum sp., Bartlettina sordida, Mussaenda sp., Brugmansia sp., Cestrum sp., Schima wallichii, and Aristolochia sp. Furthermore, protected butterfly species listed based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number P.20 / MENLHK / SETJEN / KUM.1 / 6/2018 and CITES Appendix II, include Troides helena and Troides cuneifera, as well as several endemic species of Java, including Elymnias ceryx, Zeuxidia dohrni, and Papilio arjuna gedeensis. These findings underscore the importance of butterfly conservation efforts, including planting preferred nectar-rich plant species, to support biodiversity-based ecotourism management.

Angiosperms Diversity on the Slopes of Mount Argowayang, Tahura Raden Soerjo, Indonesia

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Vegetation data in the Argowayang Mountain section of Tahura Raden Soerjo has not been comprehensively recorded, indicating a decline in documented endemic plant diversity. This study aimed to inventory angiosperm vegetation on Mount Argowayang and calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI). Quadrat line transect sampling was conducted in August 2024 and May 2025 at elevations of 1,400-1,600 m asl. The study area covered 5.8 ha (10 % of Tambik Block), with 40 plots (20×20 m each) distributed across 8 transects. For tree stratum, the highest IVI was recorded for Mallotus barbatus Müll.Arg (20.98 %), followed by Trema orientale (L.) Blume (14.48 %) and Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax (16.28 %). For the shrub stratum, Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder exhibited the highest IVI (97.91 %), followed by Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. (50.59 %) and Begonia palmata D.Don (31.54 %). Two threatened species were documented: Saurauia bracteosa DC. (VU) and Canthiumera glabra (Blume) K.M. Wong & Mahyuni (NT). These findings underscore the urgent need for strict protection measures, community-based conservation programs, and enhanced monitoring systems to preserve the high biodiversity value of this tropical montane forest ecosystem.

The Epiphytic Lichens Species Diversity in the Selo Merbabu Hiking Trail, Mount Merbabu National Park, Central Java, Indonesia

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Study of lichen biodiversity has the potential to serve as biomonitoring of the ecosystem in protected areas, such as Mount Merbabu National Park (MMbNP). This area is characterised by a high diversity of species, particularly lichen species, attributable to the presence of optimal ecological factors conducive to lichen growth. However, contemporary human activities, such as hiking, may potentially impact lichen diversity in this region. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive study on lichen diversity in this area. The objective of this research is to study the diversity of lichen species in the MMbNP, with a particular focus on the Selo Merbabu Hiking Trail. Data collection was carried out using the purposive sampling method. Species identification was based on morphological, anatomical, and chemical characteristics. Several environmental parameters were also measured, such as pH of host tree bark, air humidity, air temperature, rainfall, and altitude. The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. A total of 36 species were identified and grouped into fifteen families, with Parmeliaceae being the most dominant family. The study site exhibited high lichen diversity with a Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index value of H' 3.30. Foliose lichens showed the highest diversity (H’ 2.79), followed by crustose lichens with moderate diversity (H' 2.06) and fruticose lichens with moderate diversity (H' 1,64). The identification key used to identify the species is presented in this article. Environmental factors such as air temperature, air humidity, pH, and rainfall were identified as the main drivers influencing the lichen diversity in the area.

Morpho-anatomical Characterisation and DNA Barcode of Physalis angulata L.

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Physalis angulata L. is a medicinally important species traditionally used to treat fever, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, making its accurate identification essential for safe pharmaceutical use. This study aims to identify P. angulata through an integrated morpho-anatomical approach and DNA barcoding. A total of 30 individuals from three populations in Central Sulawesi (Parigi Moutong, Sigi, and Donggala) were sampled for morphological characterization, while three representative individuals were used for anatomical analysis and matK sequencing. Morphological traits were assessed for leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits; anatomical features were examined through transverse and paradermal sections using the paraffin method; and DNA barcoding targeted the chloroplast matK region (~700–750 bp). The matK gene was successfully amplified and sequenced for all samples (n = 3), showing 100 % identity and full query coverage with P. angulata accessions in GenBank, and phylogenetic reconstruction clustered all sequences within a single well-supported clade. Morphological data revealed intraspecific variation in leaf and fruit characters, whereas stem and floral traits remained stable across populations. Anatomical observations showed a single-layered epidermis with sinuous cell walls, anomocytic stomata, and collateral vascular bundles with included phloem. Together, these findings provide robust integrative evidence confirming the identity of P. angulata and establish baseline morpho-anatomical and molecular data that can support future pharmacognostic, taxonomic, and conservation research.

Ecological Preferences and Current Suitable Areas of the Tropical Fruit Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson in Java

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson is a fruit plant historically associated with Java. Although several studies have revealed its potential, the species continues to decline. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the ecological preferences through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using RStudio 2023.12.1 and to predict current suitable areas, referring to suitability predicted using 1970-2000 WordClim data for S. burahol in Java using MaxEnt version 3.4.4 as a guideline for conservation planning. Field surveys were conducted in 16 regencies from June to December 2024, and 54 presence points were recorded. Ecological preferences were evaluated using PCA based on microclimatic variables measured in the field. Among these, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and elevation were the most influential microclimatic factors explaining habitat variation. Meanwhile, the importance of environmental variables in the prediction model was assessed using Pearson's correlation and the Jackknife test. Therefore, seven out of 32 environmental variables were selected. The model achieved a mean AUC of 0.885 ± 0.035, indicating good predictive performance. The most influential predictors were isothermality, mean diurnal temperature range, mean temperature of the driest quarter, precipitation of the wettest month, elevation, and solar radiation intensity in November and March. Highly suitable areas were concentrated in Cilacap, Banyumas, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara, Kebumen, Purworejo, Batang, Klaten, Tulungagung, Blitar, Kediri, Jember, and Banyuwangi. These findings provide an ecological basis and conservation assessment under current environmental conditions.

Cross-Species SSR Marker Transfer in Indonesian Santalum album L.: Applications for Genetic Monitoring and Conservation

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Santalum album L., more commonly known as sandalwood, is a highly valuable species currently threatened with extinction due to overexploitation. In Indonesia, its wild populations have declined by more than 80 %. Conservation efforts will be effective by utilising strong genetic markers, which are crucial for assessing diversity and population structure. This study evaluated the application of microsatellite markers from Osyris lanceolata (African sandalwood) in S. album populations across four regions in Indonesia: Timor, Flores, Sumba, and Java. All eight loci tested were successfully amplified, demonstrating their transferability and polymorphism. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 7 per locus. A comparative analysis revealed notable differences in allele sizes between Indonesian and Indian S. album populations, indicating geographic divergence. The absence of allele overlaps with O. lanceolata confirmed the species' distinctiveness. Genetic diversity metrics indicated moderate to low marker informativeness. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.146 to 0.938, expected heterozygosity from 0.203 to 0.498, and polymorphic information content (PIC) from 0.182 to 0.374. PIC values were used to evaluate the informativeness of the microsatellite markers. One locus, KFOL8, deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A non-exclusion probability of 0.098 indicated the effectiveness of these markers in paternity analysis. These findings provided methodological support for genetic conservation, facilitated population monitoring, identified illegal logging activities, and enhanced reforestation initiatives. Additional research with a larger sample size and more markers is necessary to improve these findings, providing an important basis for developing sustainable conservation strategies and managing genetic resources for this vulnerable species.

Introducing Ganoderma Fungi DNA Fragments into Spirulina Algae as a Carrier to Develop Sustainable Biopesticides

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

The urgency for biopesticides has significantly increased to promote environmental sustainability, particularly in the context of rising agricultural challenges. The self-DNA concept, which has been validated by researchers, reveals that DNA fragments from an organism can inhibit the growth of its source species, presenting a promising biopesticide alternative to combat Basal Stem Rot disease caused by Ganoderma. Spirulina platensis, a promising carrier of DNA, is used in this experiment. This study focuses on introducing Ganoderma DNA fragments into Spirulina, referred to as Ganoderma RJS-introduced Spirulina (GIS), and examining the subsequent effects on Ganoderma mycelium including gene level expression response. We utilized a local strain of Ganoderma from the Rejosari (RJS) area, conducting a simple antagonist assay by treating Ganoderma cultures in petri dishes with fragmented DNA over a 14-day period. To facilitate the introduction of DNA, 5 mL (2000 µg) and 10 mL (4000 µg) of Ganoderma DNA were added, with detection performed using the Ganb2 and Ganb3 markers. An antagonist test was conducted to observe the response of Ganoderma mycelium after GIS treatment, followed by RNA extraction for transcriptomic analysis. Target genes—LS, CYP512, and ERG11—were analyzed using real-time qPCR and relative expression analysis. The results indicate that the introduction of fragmented Ganoderma DNA in higher concentrations enhances Spirulina growth. It also effectively inhibits Ganoderma mycelium growth after GIS 5mL, with reduced ergosterol (ERG11) expression observed after 14 days. Overall, this research supports the development of biopesticides, promoting sustainable agriculture and protecting soil health and biodiversity.

Exploring the Diversity and Utilisation of Pteridophyta Based on Local Wisdom in R. Soerjo Wonosalam Community Forest Park, Indonesia

2026-07-01T08:59:51+07:00

Indonesia has high biodiversity, including ferns approximately 2,197 species. Although ferns have great potential as ornamental plants, traditional medicine, and environmental bioindicators, their utilisation has not been optimal and well documented. This research aims to identify the diversity of Pteridophyta in the area of R. Soerjo Wonosalam Community Forest Park Indonesia and to explore the local community's wisdom in its utilisation. Data were collected through field surveys and structured interviews with 20 respondents using the purposive sampling method. Analysis was conducted using the Use Value (UV) and Relative Frequency of Citation methods (RFC). The research identified 14 species from 2 main classes (Equisetopsida and Lycopodiopsida), with the Polypodiaceae family as the dominant group. The species- E. ramosissimum and P. bifurcatum have the highest UV and RFC values (0.15), indicating their extensive use as ornamental plants, air filters, and traditional medicine. In contrast, species such as N. radicans, Adiantum sp., and L. zippelii show low UV and RFC values (0.05), reflecting their limited popularity and utilisation despite still being used as ornamental plants. This study highlights the importance of fern in the local ecosystem and how they can be used to support sustainable management based on local wisdom. It is hoped that this information will contribute to the preservation, more efficient utilisation, and increased public awareness of the ecological and economic benefits of ferns.

Antimicrobial Activities and Metabolites Profiling of Actinobacteria from Rhizosphere Soil of Erythrina variegata from Mount Merapi National Park, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2026-07-01T08:59:50+07:00

Actinobacteria are well known as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly antibacterial and antifungal agents. The increasing number of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has made tuberculosis more difficult to control and treat, highlighting the need to discover new antimycobacterial agents from natural sources, such as actinobacteria. In this study, a total of 17 actinobacteria isolates were collected from the rhizosphere soil of Erythrina variegata. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the majority of isolates (70.59 %) were identified as members of the genus Streptomyces. The antimycobacterial activities of crude extracts from these isolates were evaluated against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis using the Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA). Ten extracts exhibited activity against the drug-sensitive strain (WT-M), with five of them (MRS 8, MRS 11, MRS 15, MRS 16, and MRS 17) showing potent inhibition (>85 %). These five extracts also exhibited activity against drug-resistant strains, including rifampicin-resistant (RIF^R-M), isoniazid-resistant (INH^R-M), and multidrug-resistant (MDR-M) strains. Moreover, MRS 11 showed the strongest antibacterial and antifungal activities, inhibiting Bacillus subtilis (71.63 %), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (63.51 %), and Fusarium oxysporum (44.12 %). Isolate MRS 11 was identified as Streptomyces triticiradicis NEAU-HE with 99.4 % similarity. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of MRS 11 extract identified 18 compounds, including 1-nonadecene, E-15-heptadecenal, and hexadecanoic acid derivatives, which have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Future studies are required to include compound purification, structural elucidation, bioactivity testing, and genome-based biosynthetic gene cluster analysis.

Formulation and Evaluation of Purpureocillium lilacinum as a Plant Growth-Promoting Fungal Biofertiliser for Brassica chinensis

2026-07-01T08:59:50+07:00

This study explored the development of a biofertilizer formulation using Purpureocillium lilacinum, a plant growth-promoting fungus (PGPF), and evaluated its efficacy on Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis. Fungal isolates were obtained from soil samples through serial dilution plating and screened for plant growth-promoting traits, particularly auxin (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) production. Two potential P. lilacinum (Srk_P_06 and Srk_P_12) exhibited good IAA and GA₃production respectively at 36.0 μg mL^-1 and 58.1 μgmL^-1for IAA while 15.7 μg mL^-1 and 11.2 μg mL^-1 for GA₃ showing their potential of being used as an active component in biofertiliser formulation. P. lilacinum strain Srk_P_12 bound to zeolite and later formulated under different percentage in combination with NPK fertiliser (15:15:15) to be tested under controlled conditions. Synergistic effects were observed, with co-application of 40:60 (zeolite:NPK) resulting in a 17 % increase in plant weight compared to NPK alone. These findings demonstrate P. lilacinum's function as growth enhancer offering a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization practices. Further research is warranted before the microbe can be commercialised such as field validation trials and also molecular characterization of plant-microbe interactions to optimise application protocols for diverse cropping systems. This work is hoped to contribute to the advancing microbial-based strategies for sustainable agriculture practices by reducing the used of chemical inputs in farmers practice and thus help to maintain the biodiversity of the ecosystem in the area.

Comparison of Visual Count Survey and Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Avifauna Diversity in Purwosari Village, Girimulyo, Kulonprogo

2026-07-01T08:59:50+07:00

Accurate diversity research in areas with high biodiversity is challenging. Challenges include a lack of human resources, time constraints, and difficulty in accessing remote environments for data collection. Passive-Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) has emerged as a viable ecological data collection method. This study aims to compare the PAM method with the visual count sampling method for bird diversity monitoring. This study was conducted from September 1 to November 29, 2023, on the slopes of Nggirgadung, Purwosari village, Girimulyo, Kulonprogo. The results obtained from this study revealed 42 bird species. The VES method identified 36 bird species, whereas the PAM method identified 30 bird species. However, 12 types of sounds recorded using the PAM method could not be identified. The findings suggest that while VES detected more species, PAM can complement VES by capturing visually difficult species. This study highlights the advantages of combining both methods for comprehensive biodiversity monitoring.

Current Lichen Research in Indonesia: Diversity, Taxonomic Gaps, and Future Perspectives

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

Indonesia is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, yet its lichen diversity remains understudied compared to vascular plants. This review compiles current knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, and distribution of lichens across major Indonesian islands. A total of 317 species with valid binomial names have been documented, dominated by the families Parmeliaceae and Graphidaceae, with crustose thalli being the most common form. Java and Sumatra show the highest diversity due to more intensive fieldwork, while records from Eastern Indonesia, such as Papua and Moluccas, remain limited but indicating considerable potential for further discoveries. Species identifications were validated from peer-reviewed publications and checked against updated taxonomic references to reduce synonymy and misapplication. Most studies have relied primarily on morphological and anatomical features, such as thallus type and spores, while molecular and chemical analyses are still limited although they are already applied in some recent works. Lichens in Indonesia play important ecological roles as pioneer species, nutrient recyclers, and sensitive bioindicators, while also providing bioactive metabolites with medicinal potential. This review highlights the importance of integrative taxonomic approaches combining morphology, anatomy, chemistry, and molecular tools, together with expanded field exploration, to better document Indonesia’s lichen diversity also to strengthen their application in biodiversity conservation and ecological monitoring.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Development for Authentication and Detection of Adulteration of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson

2026-07-01T08:59:52+07:00

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson is a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia, highly valued for its fruit as a spice and an anti-obesity herbal ingredient due to its rich content of organic acids and secondary metabolites (e.g., hydroxycitric acid, flavonoids). Its popularity and morphological similarities to congeners, such as G. cowa and G. xanthochymus, make its raw materials highly susceptible to accidental or intentional adulteration, a problem exacerbated by the confusing use of similar local names such as asam gelugur and asam kandis. This study utilised a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 142 documents published between 1997 and 2024 to explore the research landscape concerning authentication and adulteration detection for G. atroviridis and the wider Garcinia genus. The results indicate that while research activity on G. atroviridis is increasing and revealed no existing studies specifically focused on the authentication and adulteration detection of G. atroviridis raw materials. General authentication methods for medicinal plants include morphological characterisation, phytochemical profiling (e.g., spectroscopy), and genetic analysis using DNA molecular markers. These methods, including DNA barcoding, have been successfully applied to other Garcinia species (e.g., G. cambogia, G. indica) but not yet been applied to G. atroviridis. Therefore, to resolve the existing identity confusion and ensure raw material quality, an integrated authentication strategy is strongly recommended. This approach should combine traditional methods with advanced and precise DNA-based techniques such as DNA barcoding, High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis, and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to reliably distinguish G. atroviridis from its potential adulterants.