Geography and Communal Conflict in Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.26889

Sujarwoto Sujarwoto(1*)

(1) Department of Public Administration, Brawijaya University,Malang East Java
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The determinants of communal conflicts in Indonesia have been widely documented. However, most of them ignore geographical aspects of communal conflicts. This paper examines geographical determinants of communal conflicts in Indonesia. Data comes from the 2008 Village Potential Census (Podes) and official statistics which consist of communal conflict information across all Indonesia’s districts (N districts = 465). Results from spatial dependent model show that communal conflict to be spatially dependent through latent determinants, meaning that communal conflict clusters because of clustering of latent determinants within district. Rather than religious and ethnic heterogeneity, communal conflict is positively associated with poverty, economic inequality, elite capture, and weak capacity of districts to manage fiscal resources.

Keywords


Communal conflict; Spatial dependent; Contagious; Latent issue

Full Text:

PDF


References

Bivand, RS, Pebesma, EJ, & Gomez-Rubio, V. (2008) Applied spatial data analysis with R, Springer: New York.

Barron, P, Kaiser, K & Pradhan, M. (2009). Understanding variations in local conflict: Evidence and implications from Indonesia, World Development, 37(3): 698-713.

BPS (2011) Indonesia dalam angka 2010, Jakarta: Indonesia.

BPS (2015) Statistik Indonesia 2014. Jakarta: Indonesia.

Buhaug, H. & Gleditsch, KS. (2008). Contagion or confusion? Why conficts cluster in space, International Studies Quarterly,52 (2):215-233.

Collier, P. & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56 (4): 563-95.

Coppell, CA. (2006). Violence: Analysis, representation and resolution. In Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution, ed.

Coppel, CA, London and New York: Routledge Galtung, J. (1965). Institutionalized conflict resolution: A theoretical paradigm. Journal of Peace Research, 39 (5):615–37.

Gleditsch, NP, Hegre, H & Strand, H. (2009). Democracy and civil war. In Handbook of War Studies III, ed. Midlarsky, M & Arbor A., MI: University of Michigan Press.

Gurr, TR. (2000). Peoples versus states: Minorities at risk in the new century. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace

Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S. & Gleditsch, N. (2001). Towards a democratic civil peace? Democracy, civil change, and civil war 1816-1992, American Political Science Review, 95(1): 17-33.

Klinken, GV (2007) Communal conflict and decentralisation in Indonesia, The Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies Occasional Paper No. 7.

Mancini, L. (2005). Horizontal inequality and communal violence: Evidence from Indonesian Districts, CRISE Working Paper 22, Oxford: QEH, University of Oxford

Morenoff, JD., & Sampson, RJ. (1997). Violent crime and the spatial dynamics of neighborhood transition: Chicago 1970–1990. Social Forces 76(1):31–64. Murshed, SM, Tadjoeddin, MZ, &

Chowdurry, A. (2009) Is fiscal decentralization conflict abating? Routine violence and district level government in Java, Indonesia.

Oxford Development Studies, 37(4). Toha, RJ. (2016). Political Competition and Ethnic Riots in Democratic Transition: A Lesson from Indonesia. British Journal of Political Science, 2(1):1 - 21

Sambanis, N. (2004). What is a civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(6): 814–858.

Stewart, F. (2008). Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multi-ethnic Societies. Hampshire and New York:Palgrave Macmillan.

Tajima, Y. (2004). Mobilizing for violence: The escalation and limitation of identity conflicts: The Case of Lampung, Indonesia. Indonesian Social Development Paper No. 3. Jakarta: World Bank.

UNDP (2011) Conflict in developing countries, UNDP: Paris. Urwasi, W. (2014), Spatial segregation and ethno-religious violence: A lesson from Ambon, Indonesia, EDGS Working Paper Number 32.

Ward, MD. & Gleditsch, KS. (1998). Democratizing for peace. American Political Science Review, 92(1): 51–61.

Weidmann, NB. & Ward, MD. (2010). Predicting conflict in space and time, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54:883-901. World Bank (2011). Conflict, security, and development, World Bank: Washington DC.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.26889

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 7222 | views : 4968

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2017 Indonesian Journal of Geography

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Accredited Journal, Based on Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia Number 225/E/KPT/2022, Vol 54 No 1 the Year 2022 - Vol 58 No 2 the Year 2026 (accreditation certificate download)

ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)

Web
Analytics IJG STATISTIC