Perubahan antropometri, kalsium darah, tekanan darah, dan kebugaran fisik akibat asupan susu kambing pada olahragawan

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.53967

Yusni Yusni(1*), Amiruddin Amiruddin(2)

(1) Bagian Fisiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh
(2) Pendidikan Jasmani, Kesehatan dan Rekreasi, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Changes in anthropometry, blood calcium, blood pressure, and physical fitness due to goat's milk intake in athletes

Background: The intake of healthy-balanced nutrition is needed by athletes. The complex nutritional content of goat milk such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral acts as sports nutrition during and after training. 

Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of goat milk on physical fitness, anthropometrics, blood calcium, and blood pressure in athletes. 

Methods: A clinical trial was conducted using healthy human subjects. Subjects were runners (n=10 people) as the control group and gymnasts (n=19 people) as the treatment group, male, age 21-27 years, and healthy. Bodyweight (BW), Height, and Body Mass Index (BMI), blood calcium, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), and physical fitness were examined two times, before and after consuming goat milk. Intervention: fresh goat milk, 250 mg/day (after dinner), and given for 90 days. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. 

Results: There was no difference between BW (p=0.07), BMI (p=0.08), and DBP (p=0.24), but instead there was a significant difference in SBP (p=0.00) before and after goat milk intervention in the experimental group. Blood calcium was significantly increased (p=0.00) in the intervention group, whereas reverse decreased significantly (p=0.02) in controls. A significant difference before and after therapy was found in speed (p=0.00), arm muscle endurance (p=0.01), an-aerobic endurance (p=0.00), agility (p=0.02), however, there was no significant difference between leg muscle power (p=0.13), flexibility (p=0.23), an endurance of abdominal muscles (p=0.26), VO2 max (p=1.15) in the intervention group. 

Conclusions: Regular consumption of goat milk can reduce SBP, increase blood calcium levels, and improve physical fitness (speed, arm muscle endurance, anaerobic endurance, and agility) in athletes. Goat milk is an essential role in sports nutrition for physical fitness and athlete's health.


Keywords


anthropometry; blood pressure; goat’s milk; physical fitness

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Vitale K, Getzin A. Nutrition and supplement update for the endurance athlete: review and recommendations. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1289. doi: 10.3390/nu11061289
  2. Purcell LK. Sport nutrition for young athletes. Paediatr Child Health. 2013;18(4):200–2. doi: 10.1093/pch/18.4.200
  3. Smith JW, Holmes ME, Mcallister MJ. Nutritional considerations for performance in young athletes. J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp). 2015;2015:734649. doi: 10.1155/2015/734649
  4. American College of Sports Medicine, Assotiation American Dietetic, Dietitians of Canada. Joint Position Statement: nutrition and athletic performance. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2000;32(12):2130–45. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00025
  5. Sepriadi S, Hardiansyah S, Syampurma H. Perbedaan tingkat kesegaran jasmani berdasarkan status gizi. Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia. 2017;7(1):24–34.
  6. Kokkinos P. Physical fitness evaluation. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2015;9(4):308-17. doi: 10.1177/1559827613520128
  7. Alcantara JMA, Sanchez-delgado G, Martinez-tellez B, Labayen I, Ruiz JR. Impact of cow’s milk intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(22):1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0288-5
  8. Getaneh G, Mebrat A, Wubie A, Kendie H. Review on goat milk composition and its nutritive value. J Nutr Health Sci. 2016;3(4):401. doi: 10.15744/2393-9060.3.401
  9. Ranadheera CS, Evans CA, Baines SK, Balthazar CF, Cruz AG, Esmerino EA, et al. Probiotics in goat milk products: delivery capacity and ability to improve sensory attributes. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2019;18:867-82. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12447
  10. Vaquil, Rathee R. A review on health promoting aspects of goat milk. Pharma Innov J. 2017;6(12):5–8.
  11. Zenebe T, Ahmed N, Kabeta T, Kebede G, Medicine V, Box PO. Review on medicinal and nutritional values of goat milk. Acad J Nutr. 2014;3(3):30–9.
  12. Clark S, García MBM. A 100-year review: advances in goat milk research. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(12):10026–44. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13287
  13. Alichanidis E, Moatsou G, Polychroniadou A. Composition and properties of non-cow milk and products. non-bovine milk and milk products. [series online] 2016 [cited 15 Oktober 2017]. Available from: URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803361-6.00005-3
  14. Balthazar CF, Pimentel TC, Ferrao LL, Almada CN, Santillo A, Albenzio M, et al. Sheep milk: physicochemical characteristics and relevance for functional food development. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017;16:247–62. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12250
  15. Selvaggi M, Laudadio V, Dario C. Major proteins in goat milk: an updated overview on genetic variability. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(2):1035–48. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2949-9
  16. Abay BT, Kebede eklit B. Physicochemical properties and comparisons of goat and cow milk. Review. Int J Eng Dev Res. 2018;6(3):416–9.
  17. Ulusoy BH. Nutritional and health aspects of goat milk consumption. Akad Gida. 2015;13(1):56–60.
  18. Yusni, Amiruddin, Purba A, Tarigan B. Essential role of serum calcium for muscle strength in football athletes. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012186
  19. Guyton, Arthur C, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc; 2016.
  20. Lad SS, Aparnathi KD, Mehta B, Velpula S. Goat milk in human nutrition and health-a review. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2017;6(5):1781–92. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.194
  21. Yusni. Dietary goat milk potential in prevention of hypertension in sedentary women. Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2016;91–5. doi: 10.2991/phico-16.2017.76
  22. Harden CJ, Hepburn NJ. The benefits of consuming goat’s milk. [series online] 2011 [cited 15 Oktober 2015]. Available from: URL: https://www.sthelensfarm.co.uk/images/research.pdf
  23. Noraini S, Said SN, Nurlaily A, Salleh N, Shamaan NA, Aripin KNN, et al. Goat milk fatty acids on brain growth and functions: a systematic review. Acta Sci Med Sci. 2019;3(3):36–45.
  24. Rubio-Martín E, García-Escobar E, Ruiz de Adana M-S, Lima-Rubio F, Peláez L, et al. Comparison of the effects of goat dairy and cow dairy based breakfasts on satiety, appetite hormones, and metabolic profile. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):877. doi: 10.3390/nu9080877
  25. Rodrigues R, Soares J, Garcia H, Nascimento C, Medeiros M, Bomfim M, et al. Goat milk fat naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid increased lipoproteins and reduced triacylglycerol in rats. Molecules. 2014;19(3):3820–31. doi: 10.3390/molecules19033820
  26. Chiu TLH, Han YLY, Kamesh YS, Oksana V, Wang C, et al. Efficacy of fermented goat milk on blood pressure in prehypertensive adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Food Biochem. 2018;42:e12474. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12474
  27. Arora PK, Lifesciences N, Chauhan A. ACE inhibitors: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;4(2):532–49.
  28. Messerli FH, Mha SB, Mph CB, Rimoldi SF. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(13):1474–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.058
  29. Khazan M, Hidayati M. The role of nitric oxide in health and diseases. Scimetr. 2015;3(1):1–10.
  30. Ahmad A, Dempsey SK, Daneva Z, Azam M, Li N, Li P, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(9):2605. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092605
  31. Tsukiyama Y, Ito T, Nagaoka K, Eguchi E, Ogino K. Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017;60(3):180–6. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.16-108
  32. Hong YH, Betik AC, Mcconell GK. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2014;99(12):1569–73. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.079202
  33. Habib S, Ali A. Biochemistry of nitric oxide. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2011;26(1):3–17. doi: 10.1007/s12291-011-0108-4
  34. Khan IT, Nadeem M, Imran M, Ullah R, Ajmal M, Jaspal MH. Antioxidant properties of milk and dairy products: a comprehensive review of the current knowledge. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(41):1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019-0969-8
  35. Kalyankar SD, Khedkar CD, Patil AM. Goat: milk. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. 2016;256–60. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00358-5
  36. Pietrzak-Fiecko R, Kamelska-SadowskaAM. The comparison of nutritional value of human milk with other mammals’ milk. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1404. doi: 10.3390/nu12051404
  37. Stergiadis S, Nørskov NP, Purup S, Givens I, Lee MRF. Comparative nutrient profiling of retail goat and cow milk. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2282. doi: 10.3390/nu11102282
  38. Villa-etchegoyen C, Lombarte M, Matamoros N, Beliz M. Mechanisms involved in the relationship between low calcium intake and high blood pressure. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1112). doi: 10.3390/nu11051112
  39. João M, Lima R, Teixeira-lemos E, Oliveira J. Nutritional and health profile of goat products: focus on health benefits of goat milk. [series online] 2017 [cited 15 Oktober 2018]. Available from: URL: https://www.intechopen.com/books/goat-science/nutritional-and-health-profile-of-goat-products-focus-on-health-benefits-of-goat-milk
  40. Indoria A, Singh N. Role of nutrition in sports: a review. Indian J Nutr. 2016;3(2):1–6.
  41. Koehler K, Drenowatz C. Integrated role of nutrition and physical activity for lifelong health. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1437. doi: 10.3390/nu11071437
  42. Durandt J, Tee JC, Prim SK, Lambert MI. Physical fitness components associated with performance in a multiple-sprint. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1(2):150–60. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.1.2.150
  43. Saura RA, Rentero MPZ, Hernández, Marhuenda J. Sports nutrition and performance. Nutrition in Health and Disease. [series online] 2019 [cited 25 Oktober 2019]. Available from: URL: https://www.intechopen.com/books/nutrition-in-health-and-disease-our-challenges-now-and-forthcoming-time/sports-nutrition-and-performance
  44. Paula R, Landy A, Stevenson E, Cockburn E. Milk: an effective recovery drink for female athletes. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):228. doi: 10.3390/nu10020228
  45. Deuster PA, Silverman MN. Physical fitness: a pathway to health and resilience. Army Med Dep J. 2013;24–35.
  46. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(3):501–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006
  47. Bryantara OF. Factors that are associated to physical fitness (VO2 max) of football athletes. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi. 2016;4(2):237–49. doi: 10.20473/jbe.V4I22016.237-249
  48. Sherk VD, Wherry SJ, Barry DW, Shea KL, Wolfe P, Kohrt WM. Calcium supplementation attenuates disruptions in calcium homeostasis during exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2017;49(7):1437–42. doi: 10.1249/MSS.000000000000123
  49. Meschy F. Recent progress in the assessment of mineral requirements of goats. Livest Prod Sci. 2000;64(1):9–14. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00171-8
  50. Pu F, Chen N, Xue S. Calcium intake, calcium homeostasis and health. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2016;5(1):8–16. doi: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.01.001
  51. Jafari-Giv Z, Avan A, Hamidi F, Tayefi M, Ghazizadeh H, Ghasemi F, et al. Association of body mass index with serum calcium and phosphate levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):975–80. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.12.017
  52. Haakonssen EC, Ross ML, Knight EJ, Cato LE, Nana A, Wluka AE, et al. The effects of a calcium-rich pre-exercise meal on biomarkers of calcium homeostasis in competitive female cyclists: a randomised crossover trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0123302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123302
  53. Bhattarai RR. Importance of goat milk. J Food Sci Technol Nepal. 2014;7:107–11. doi: 10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.11209



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.53967

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2649 | views : 4217

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia (JGKI) Indexed by:
 
  

  free web stats View My Stats