Apa yang direkomendasikan apoteker untuk tatalaksana diare akut pada anak? Sebuah survei di wilayah timur Kota Surabaya

https://doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.59719

Linda Fidya Ningsih(1), Adji Prayitno Setiadi(2), Abdul Rahem(3), Cecilia Brata(4), Yosi Irawati Wibowo(5), Eko Setiawan(6), Steven Victoria Halim(7*)

(1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(2) 1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia 2) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(3) Departemen Farmasi Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
(4) 1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia 2) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(5) 1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia 2) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(6) 1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia 2) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(7) 1) Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia 2) Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Appropiate recommendation provided by pharmacists is considered as a crucial factors to prevent morbidity and mortality among children with acute diarrhea in the community. This study aimed to determine the type and the appropriateness of recommendations provided by the community pharmacists in the eastern part of Surabaya to children presenting with acute diarrhea. This was cross-sectional study conducted by using a questionnaire consisting of questions about participants’ characteristics and a case of acute diarrhea in children without complications and other “alarm symptoms” requiring medical referral. The appropriate recommendation for the case was to give a combination of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc with or without other recommendations. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 22. A total of 84 pharmacists provided consent to be participants in this study. The majority of participants (73,81%) were pharmacists manager and more than 50% of them completed pharmacist professional degree between 2010 and 2019. Type of pharmacists’ recommendations were further classified as: medical referral, provision of medicine, laboratory testing, and non-pharmacology treatment. The most provided recommendations were provision of medicine (97,62%) with or without other recommendations. Medical referral were recommended by 22 pharmacists (26,19%). Of the total participants, 13,09% provided appropriate recommendations. Findings of this study indicate the necessity to optimise the role of community pharmacists in managing acute diarrhea in children. Further study to identify the needs of community pharmacists, either conducted with qualitative or quantitative approach, is required as the key step before implementing further intervention.


Keywords


Community Pharmacists; Indonesia; Recommending; Case-based survey

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Krinsky D, Ferreri S, Hemstreet B, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care. 18th ed. American Pharmacists Association; 2015.
  2. Dipiro J, Yee G, Posey L, Haines S, Nolin T, Ellingrod V. Pharmacotherapy : A Pathophysiologic Approach. 11th ed. McGraw Hill; 2020.
  3. Nathan A. Non-Prescription Medicines. 5th ed. Pharmaceutical Press; 2020.
  4. Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, Lo Vecchio A, Shamir R, Szajewska H. European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition/european society for pediatric infectious diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: Update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):132-152. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000375
  5. Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan-Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Panduan Sosialisasi Tatalaksana Diare Balita: Untuk Petugas Kesehatan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2011.
  6. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2013.
  7. World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal Disease. World Health Organization website. Published 2020. Accessed January 5, 2020. https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease. Published 2017
  8. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Diarrhoeal disease. UNICEF website. Published 2018. Accessed January 5, 2020. https:// data.unicef.org/
  9. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: An updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015;385(9966):430-440. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-6
  10. World Health Organization. The Treatment of Diarrhoea : A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers. 4th rev. World Health Organization; 2005.
  11. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Panduan Praktik Klinis Bagi Dokter Di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2014.
  12. Young M, Wolfheim C, Marsh D, Hammamy D. World health organization/United Nations children’s fund joint statement on integrated community case management: an equity-focused strategy to improve access to essential treatment services for children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(5):12-0221. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0221
  13. Langer B, Kunow C. Medication dispensing, additional therapeutic recommendations, and pricing practices for acute diarrhoea by community pharmacies in Germany: A simulated patient study. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(3):1-9. doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2019.3.1579
  14. Hou FQ, Wang Y, Li J, Wang GQ, Liu Y. Management of Acute Diarrhea in Adults in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-41
  15. Le TH, Ottosson E, Nguyen TKC, Kim BG, Allebeck P. Drug use and self-medication among children with respiratory illness or diarrhea in a rural district in Vietnam: A qualitative study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2011;4:329-336. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S22769
  16. Lee CH, Chang FC, Hsu S Der, Chi HY, Huang LJ, Yeh MK. Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189199
  17. Abdi A, Faraji A, Dehghan F, Khatony A. Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah, Iran. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;19(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4
  18. Djawaria DPA, Setiadi AP, Setiawan E. Analisis Perilaku dan Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep di Surabaya. Media Kesehat Masy Indones. 2018;14(4):406. doi:10.30597/mkmi.v14i4.5080
  19. Halim S, Setiadi AAP, Wibowo YI. Profil Swamedikasi Analgesik di Masyarakat Surabaya, Jawa Timur. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2018;16(1):86-93.
  20. Mesquita AR, De Oliveira Sá DAB, Santos APAL, De Almeida Neto A, Lyra DP. Assessment of pharmacist’s recommendation of non-prescription medicines in Brazil: A simulated patient study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35(4):647-655. doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9787-7
  21. Erku DA, Aberra SY. Non-prescribed sale of antibiotics for acute childhood diarrhea and upper respiratory tract infection in community pharmacies: A 2 phase mixed-methods study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0389-y
  22. Abegaz TM, Belachew SA, Abebe TB, Gebresilassie BM, Teni FS, Woldie HG. Management of children’s acute diarrhea by community pharmacies in five towns of Ethiopia: Simulated client case study. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12:515-526. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S98474
  23. Ayele AA, Mekuria AB, Tegegn HG, Gebresillassie BM, Mekonnen AB, Erku DA. Management of minor ailments in a community pharmacy setting: Findings from simulated visits and qualitative study in Gondar town, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190583
  24. Hasanah F, Puspitasari H, Sukorini A. Profil penggalian informasi dan rekomendasi pelayanan swamedikasi oleh staf apotek terhadap kasus diare anak di apotek wilayah Surabaya. Farmasains. 2013;2(1):11-15.
  25. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan. Daftar Sarana Apotek Provinsi Jawa Timur. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Website Binfar. Published 2018. Accessed July 10, 2019. http://apif.binfar. depkes.go.id/index.php?req=view_services&p=pemetaanApotek&id=15
  26. Brata C, Marjadi B, Schneider CR, Murray K, Clifford RM. Information-gathering for self-medication via Eastern Indonesian community pharmacies: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):1-11. doi:10.1186/ s12913-014-0670-6
  27. Millar A, Hughes C, Devlin M, Ryan C. A cross-sectional evaluation of community pharmacists’ perceptions of intermediate care and medicines management across the healthcare interface. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(6):1380-1389. doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0377-3
  28. Crilly P, Patel N, Ogunrinde A, Berko D, Kayyali R. Community Pharmacists’ Involvement in Research in the United Kingdom. Pharmacy. 2017;5(48):1-10.
  29. Awaisu A, Alsalimy N. Pharmacists’ involvement in and attitudes toward pharmacy practice research: A systematic review of the literature. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2015;11(6):725-748. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.12.008
  30. De Vera MA, Campbell NKJ, Chhina H, Galo JS, Marra C. Practical strategies and perceptions from community pharmacists following their experiences with conducting pharmacy practice research: a qualitative content analysis. Int J Pharm Pract. 2018;26(4):302-309. doi:10.1111/ijpp.12409
  31. Saengcharoen W, Lerkiatbundit S. Practice and attitudes regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea among pharmacies in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pract. 2010;118(6):323-331. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2010.00066.x
  32. Pham DM, Byrkit M, Van Pham H, Pham T, Nguyen CT. Improving Pharmacy Staff Knowledge and Practice on Childhood Diarrhea Management in Vietnam: Are Educational Interventions Effective? PLoS One. 2013;8(10):1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074882
  33. Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, El Dib R, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(4):1-90. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5.
  34. Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo NY, Rojas Galarza RA. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(8):1-24. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007401.pub3
  35. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio G V., Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhea. Sao Paulo Med J. 2011;129(3):1-98. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802011000300012
  36. Applegate JA, Fischer Walker CL, Ambikapathi R, Black RE. Systematic Review of Probiotics for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Acute Diarrhea in Children. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(3):1-8. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S16
  37. Mujiati M, Yuniar Y. Ketersediaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan pada Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama dalam Era Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Delapan Kabupaten-Kota di Indonesia. Media Penelit dan Pengemb Kesehat. 2017;26(4):201-210. doi:10.22435/mpk.v26i4.4827.201-210
  38. Yandrizal, Hendarini DS. Analisis Ketersediaan Fasilitas Dan Pembiayaan Kesehatan Pada Pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Di Provinsi Bengkulu. J Kebijak Kesehat Indones. 2014;03(04):219-226.
  39. Brownlee S, Chalkidou K, Doust J, et al. Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world. Lancet. 2017;390(10090):156-168. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(16)32585-5
  40. Baqir W, Learoyd T, Sim A, Todd A. Cost analysis of a community pharmacy “minor ailment scheme” across three primary care trusts in the North East of England. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2011;33(4):551-555. doi:10.1093/ pubmed/fdr012
  41. Paudyal V, Watson MC, Sach T, et al. Are pharmacy-based minor ailment schemes a substitute for other service providers? A systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(612):472-481. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X669194
  42. Rutter P. Community Pharmacy: Symptom, Diagnosis, and Treatment. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
  43. De Tran V, Dorofeeva VV, Loskutova EE, Lagutkina TP, Kosova IV. Factors influencing community pharmacists’ recommendation of over-the-counter medications in four Vietnam cities. Trop J Pharm Res. 2019;18(2):421-427. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v18i2.29



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.59719

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3380 | views : 19965

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice)

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

©Jurnal Manajemen dan Pelayanan Farmasi
Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Creative Commons License
View My Stats