Analysis of Clinical Outcomes Based on Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fitri Apriliany(1*), Elis Cholisah(2), Zainol Akbar Zainal(3), Recta Olivia Umboro(4)
(1) Study Program of Pharmacy, Bumigora University
(2) Magister Medical Sciences, University of Cyberjaya
(3) Magister Medical Sciences, University of Cyberjaya
(4) Study Program of Pharmacy, Universitas Qamarul Huda Badaruddin Bagu
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Many factors increase the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes such as age, sex, BMI, educational attainment, and marital status.
Objectives: The study aimed to analyze clinical outcomes based on patient demographics.
Methods: This method was cross-sectional and was conducted at Antapani Medika Clinic, Bandung. Inclusion criteria for this study were diabetic patients who had complete medical records, and who were receiving oral antidiabetic therapy for at least 6 months. Exclusion criteria for study were patients with diabetes who were on insulin therapy, patients with tuberculosis, and pregnant and lactating women. Data on demographic characteristics were analyzed descriptively. Chi-square and likelihood ratio tests were used to analyze differences in clinical outcomes based on therapy achievement on patient demographics.
Results: The results showed that HbA1c target levels were achieved by patients who were 65 years of age or older (68%), had a BMI in non-obese category (80.8%), had diabetes for six years or more (80.8%), were married (62.9%), attended college (68.4%), exercised 3 to 6 times per week (64.9%), did not smoke (61.9%), and had no comorbidities (65.3%). This study concludes that there is an association between BMI and duration of diabetes and achievement HbA1c target (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The clinical implications of this study are as a guide for health workers in Indonesia in management of diabetes so that they can provide services to patients according to the medical needs of patients.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
- Soelistijo S, Suastika K, Budhiarta, Budhitresna AAG dkk. Pedoman Pengelolaan Dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa Di Indonesia 2021. PB PERKENI; 2021. www.ginasthma.org.
- Federation ID. IDF Diabetes Atlas IDF Diabetes Atlas,10th edition. In: IDF; 2021:135. www.diabetesatlas.org
- Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-11. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9
- Amelia R, Lelo A, Lindarto D, Mutiara E. Quality of life and glycemic profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of Indonesian: A descriptive study. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;125(1):0-5. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/125/1/012171
- Kemenkes RI. Hail Utama RISKESDA 2018. Kemenkes RI Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2018.
- Colaiori I, Izzo R, Barbato E, et al. Severity of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7). doi:10.3390/jcm8071069
- Pinchevsky Y, Butkow N, Raal FJ, Chirwa T, Rothberg A. Demographic and clinical factors associated with development of type 2 diabetes: A review of the literature. Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:121-129. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S226010
- Munganyika CB, Musafiri S, Rutayisire PC, Ng’ang’a LM, McQuillan R, Wild SH. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in rural Rwanda: time to contextualize the interventions? A cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(1):1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.10437/v4
- Park CS, Choi EK, DoHan K, Yoo J, Ahn HJ. Physical Activity Changes and the Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Longitudinal Follow-up Cohort Study of 1.8 Million Subjects. Am Diabetes Assoc. 2023;46(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1655
- Umpierrez GE, P. Kovatchev B. Glycemic Variability: How to Measure and Its Clinical Implication for Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Med Sci. 2018;356(6):518-527. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2018.09.010
- Yang W, Dall TM, Beronjia K, et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):917-928. doi:10.2337/dci18-0007
- Dahlan MS. Besar Sampel Dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel. Salemba Medika; 2016.
- Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Leto G, Mastrolorenzo E, Para O, Giordano M. Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):1-13. doi:10.3390/ijms23168850
- Celik A, Forde R, Racaru S, Forbes A, Sturt J. The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Women’s Health and Well-being During Their Reproductive Years: A Mixed-methods Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;18(2). doi:10.2174/1573399817666210118144743
- Seol R, Chun JH. Classification of Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Risk and the Health Behavior of the 30–50-Year-Old Korean Adults: Latent Class Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24). doi:10.3390/ijerph192416600
- Pulungan A, Afifa IT, Annisa D. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018;23:119-125. doi:https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2018.23.3.119
- Xie J, Wang M, Long Z, et al. Global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2019: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Bmj. Published online 2022. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072385
- Lascar N, Brown J, Pattison H, Barnett. TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS. Elsevier. Published online 2017:1-32. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjIqdzSjuX9AhXycWwGHfBDASQQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F96671435.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2EQWYou4wxSP1Ukj4QpoeP
- Kim JH, Noh J, Choi JW, Park EC. Association of education and smoking status on risk of diabetes mellitus: A population-based nationwide cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(6):1-9. doi:10.3390/ijerph14060655
- Chobot A, Górowska-Kowolik K, Sokołowska M, Jarosz-Chobot P. Obesity and diabetes—Not only a simple link between two epidemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(7):1-9. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3042
- Jatoi NA, Al-Qassab RM, Al Salem FH, Al Muzayan FM, AlShammari RZ. Prevalence of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2022;14(10):6-13. doi:10.7759/cureus.30539
- Badedi M, Solan Y, Darraj H, et al. Factors Associated with Long-Term Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016. doi:10.1155/2016/2109542
- Correia JC, Waqas A, Huat TS, et al. Effectiveness of Therapeutic Patient Education Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2022;14(18). doi:10.3390/nu14183807
- De Oliveira CMI, Tureck LV, Alvares D, et al. Relationship between marital status and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Brazilian rural population: The Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8 August):1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236869
- Sipayung R, Siregar FA, Nurmaini. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 pada Perempuan Usia Lanjut di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Padang Bulan Medan Tahun 2017. J Muara Sains, Teknol Kedokteran, dan Ilmu Kesehat. 2017;2(1):78-86.
- Veridiana NN, Nurjana MA. Hubungan Perilaku Konsumsi dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Diabetes Mellitus di Indonesia. Bul Penelit Kesehat. 2019;47(2):97-106. doi:10.22435/bpk.v47i2.667
- Maddatu J, Anderson-Baucum E, Evans-Molina C. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Transl Res. 2017;184(317):101-107. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2017.02.004
- White WB, Cain LR, Benjamin EJ, et al. High-intensity cigarette smoking is associated with incident diabetes mellitus in black adults: The Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(2):1-8. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.007413
- Chan M. Global Report on Diabetes. Isbn. 2016;978(April):6-86. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257
- Jelinek HF, Osman WM, Khandoker AH, et al. Clinical profiles, comorbidities and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from United Arab Emirates. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):1-9. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000427
- Harahap AM, Ariati A, Siregar ZA. Hubungan indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes mellitus di desa sisumut, kecamatan kotapinang correlation between body mass index and blood glucose levels among diabetes mellitus patients in desa sisumut, kecamatan kotapinang. Kedokt dan Kesehat. 2020;19(2):81-86.
- Martin T, Boye KS. The Association Between Body Mass Index and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Across Eight Countries: A Literature Review. Curr Res Diabetes Obes J. 2021;15(1). doi:10.19080/crdoj.2021.15.555904
- Lee HA, Park H, Hong YS. Sex Differences in the Effects of CDKAL1 Variants on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):879-889. doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0265
- Kennedy-Martin T, Robinson S, Boye K. LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BMI AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES ACROSS EIGHT COUNTRIES. Value Heal. 2020;23(December):S519. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.678
- Ghouse J, Isaksen JL, Skov MW, et al. Effect of diabetes duration on the relationship between glycaemic control and risk of death in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2020;22(2):231-242. doi:10.1111/dom.13891
- Shamshirgaran SM, Mamaghanian A, Aliasgarzadeh A, Aiminisani N, Iranparvar-Alamdari M, Ataie J. Age differences in diabetes-related complications and glycemic control. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017;17(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0175-5
- Nanayakkara N, Ranasinha S, Gadowski AM, et al. Age-related differences in glycaemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study from the Australian National Diabetes Audit. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):1-9. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020677
- Duarte FG, Da Silva Moreira S, Almeida MDCC, et al. Sex differences and correlates of poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study in Brazil and Venezuela. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023401
- Boettcher C, Tittel SR, Meissner T, et al. Sex differences over time for glycemic control, pump use and insulin dose in patients aged 10–40 years with type 1 diabetes: a diabetes registry study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(2). doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002494
- Grönberg A. Good glycemic control without exceeding the BMI trajectory during the first 5 years of treatment in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Wiley Clin Care Technol. 2022;(December 2021):341-350. doi:10.1111/pedi.13309
- Kposowa AJ, Ezzat DA, Breault K. Diabetes Mellitus and Marital Status : Evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study on the Effect of Marital Dissolution and the Death of a Spouse. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:1881-1888.
- Shiferaw WS, Akalu TY, Desta M, Kassie AM, Petrucka PM, Aynalem YA. Effect of educational interventions on knowledge of the disease and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus : a systematic review and meta- analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2021;11. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049806
- Schubert-Olesen O, Kröger J, Siegmund T, Thurm U, Halle M. Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Physical Activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19). doi:10.3390/ijerph191912296
- Kurniawati Y, Baridah HA, Kusumawati MD, Wabula I. Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on the Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review. J Ners. 2019;14(3 Special Issue):199-204. doi:10.20473/jn.v14i3(si).17059
- Sia HK, Kor CT, Tu S Te, Liao PY, Wang JY. Association between smoking and glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a retrospective matched cohort study. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1385-1394. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2075559
- Urina-Jassir M, Herrera-Parra LJ, Hernández Vargas JA, Valbuena-García AM, Acuña-Merchán L, Urina-Triana M. The effect of comorbidities on glycemic control among Colombian adults with diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal approach with real-world data. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00791-w
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.83586
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1242 | views : 629Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.