Considering Ethics in Agricultural Experimental Research with Special Mention to Agricultural Biotechnology Research
Danarsi Diptaningsari(1*), Edhi Martono(2)
(1) Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology Lampung, Ministry of Agriculture Jln. Hi. ZA Pagar Alam No. 1A, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung 35145 Indonesia
(2) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jln. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Ethics in experimental research equals scientific integrity, a notion principle particularly stressing honesty while implementing discipline concepts on what is excellent and terrible. Some moral responsibility is defined through specifically agreed standards in doing experimental research. Ethics of experimental research in agriculture involves all activities done before, during, and after the study, consisting of personal, research, and social ethics. Ethical code and policy include, but are not limited to, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, intellectual right recognition, confidentiality, responsible publication, social responsibility, competency, legality, and protecting research object/subject (plant, animal, human) from possible unfair manipulation. One development triggering the controversy of agriculture’s experimental ethics is the progress of agricultural biotechnology which resulted in genetic engineering products. Rules, regulations, and laws concerning the use and development of genetic engineering in agriculture to avoid adverse effects of these products, such as rising environmental hazards, increasing human health degradation, and unfair economic competition, should be considered and implemented.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Allmark, P., Boote, J., Chambers, E., Clarke, A., McDonnell, A., Thompson, A., & Tod, A.M. (2009). Ethical Issues in the Use of In-Depth Interviews: Literature Review and Discussion. Research Ethics, 5(2), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/174701610900500203
Amin, L., Sujak, S.F., Ramlee, S.N.S., Samian, A.L., Haron, M.S., & Mohamad, M.N. (2011). Educating the Ummah by Introducing Islamic Bioethics in Genetics and Modern Biotechnology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3399–3403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.308
Ankeny, R.A. (2017). New Technologies: Ethics of Stem Cell Research. In W.C. Cockerham & S.R. Quah (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., pp. 248–250). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00301-5
Arcieri, M. (2016). Spread and Potential Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms. Agriculture and
Agricultural Science Procedia, 8, 552–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.072
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta, Indonesia: Rineka Cipta.
Bahagiawati, & Hadiarto, T. (2020). Perkembangan Pemanfaatan, Regulasi, dan Metode Deteksi Produk Rekayasa Genetika Pertanian di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 39(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v39n1.2020.p61-71
Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian. (2016). Pedoman Pengkajian Keamanan Pangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik. (Guideline of Genetic Engineering Food Product Security Study). Bogor, Indonesia: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian RI. (In Indonesian).
Batista, R., Nunes, B., Carmo, M., Cardoso, C., José, H. S., de Almeida, A. B., ... Oliveira, M.M. (2005). Lack of Detectable Allergenicity of Transgenic Maize and Soya Samples. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116(2), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.014Baumans, V. (2004). Use of Animals in Experimental Research: An Ethical Dilemma? Gene Therapy, 11(S1), S64–S66. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302371
Becker, G.S., & Cowan, T. (2009). Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture: Status and Current Issues. Congressional Research Service Reports 32. Lincoln, United States: University of Nebraska. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crsdocs/32/
Blakstad, O. (2008, November 23). Ethics in Research. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/ethics-in-research?gid=1585
Bousfield, B., & Brown, R. (2010, November). Animal Welfare. Veterinary Bulletin - Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Newsletter. Retrieved from https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/quarantine/qua_vb/files/AW8.pdf
Bryant, J.A., & Hughes, S.G. (2017). Food Safety Issues. In B. Thomas, B.G. Murray, & D.J. Murphy (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (2nd ed., Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology, Vol. 2, pp. 13–18). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394807-6.00040-X
Burkhardt, J., Comstock, G., Hartel, P.G., & Thompson, P.B. (2005). Agricultural Ethics. Ames
IA, United States: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://www.
cast-science.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ethics_ip.pdf
Chaturvedi, S., Srinivas, K.R., & Kumar, A. (2016). Agriculture Technology Choices and the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Framework: Emerging Experiences from China and India. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 18(1), 93–111. Retrieved from https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2014/02/ABDR-March-2016.pdf
Costello, M.J., Beard, K.H., Corlett, R.T., Cumming, G.S., Devictor, V., Loyola, R., ... Primack, R.B. (2016). Field Work Ethics in Biological Research. Biological Conservation, 203, 268–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.008
Cowan, T. (2015, July). Agricultural Biotechnology: Background, Regulation, and Policy Issues. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32809.pdf
Daño, E.C. (2007). Chapter 20: Potential Socio-Economics, Cultural and Ethical Impacts of GMOs: Prospects for Socio-Economic Impact Assessment. In T. Traavik & L.C. Lim (Eds.), Biosafety First (pp. 1–11). Retrieved from http://genok.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Chapter-20.pdf
Dunwell, J.M. (2003). Ethics and Biosafety: Plant Genetic Engineering, Ecological Issues. In B. Thomas, D.J. Murphy, & B.G. Murray (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (1st ed., pp. 295–301). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227050-9/00233-7
Feynman, R.P. (1974). Cargo Cult Science: Some Remarks on Science, Pseudoscience, and Learning
How to Not Fool Yourself. Engineering and Sciences, 37(7), 10–13. Retrieved from https://calteches.
library.caltech.edu/3043/1/CargoCult.pdf
Fitzpatrick, A. (2003). Ethics and Animal Research. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 141(2), 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2003.11
Fontes, E.M.G. (2003). Legal and Regulatory Concerns about Transgenic Plants in Brazil. Journal of
Invertebrate Pathology, 83(2), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00060-0
Fossey, A. (2007). Bioethics in Agricultural Research and Research Management. In G. Loebenstein
& G. Thottappilly (Eds.), Agricultural Research Management (1st ed., pp. 125–148). Dordrecht,
Netherlands: Springer.
George, A.J.T. (2016). Research Ethics. Medicine, 44(10), 615–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.07.007
Grimm, H. (2008). Ethical Issues in Agriculture [UNESCO-EOLSS sample chapter]. Interdisciplinary
and Sustainability in Food and Agriculture, Vol. 1. Retrieved from http://www.eolss.net/SampleChapters/C10/E5-22-06.pdf
Gupta, A.K. (2004, November). Ethical Issues in Agricultural Research, Technology and Intellectual
Property Rights. Paper presentation presented at the International H. E. Babcock Workshop on
Ethics, Globalization, and Hunger. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
Hake, J. F., Schlör, H., Schürmann, K., & Venghaus, S. (2016). Ethics, Sustainability and the Water, Energy, Food Nexus Approach – A New Integrated Assessment of Urban Systems. Energy Procedia, 88,
236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.155
Hansen Jesse, L.C., & Obrycki, J.J. (2000). Field Deposition of Bt Transgenic Corn Pollen: Lethal
Effects on the Monarch Butterfly. Oecologia, 125(2), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000502
Hoffman, W. (2016). Ecosystems, Food Crops, and Bioscience: A Symbiosis for the Anthropocene.
Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 18(1), 39–68. Retrieved from https://ucanr.edu/sites/
sbc/files/237264.pdf
Holst-Jensen, A. (2009). Testing for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Past, Present and Future Perspectives. Biotechnology Advances, 27(6), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotech
adv.2009.05.025
Howlett, M, & Mukherjee, I. (2016). Achieving Regulatory Excellence in the Agri-Food Biotechnology Sector: Building Policy Capacity. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 18(1), 5–16. Retrieved from https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2014/02/ABDR-March-2016.pdf
International Service for the Acquisition of Agribiotech Applications. (2020). ISAAA in 2019: Accomplishment Report. Retrieved from https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/annualreport/2019/default.asp
James, C. (2014). Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2014. ISAAA Brief No. 49. Ithaca, NY, United States: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech
Applications (ISAAA).
Jefferson, D.J., & Padmanabhan, M.S. (2016). Recent Evolutions in Intellectual Property Frameworks for Agricultural Biotechnology: A Worldwide Survey. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 18(1), 17–38. Retrieved from https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2014/02/ABDR-March-2016.pdf
Kelly, A.H., Ameh, D., Majambere, S., Lindsay, S., & Pinder, M. (2010). ‘Like Sugar and Honey’: The
Embedded Ethics of a Larval Control Project in The Gambia. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12),
1912–1919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.012
Koesnandar, & Helianti, I. (2008, May 29). Isu Bioetika dalam Riset dan Industrialisasi Sumber
Daya Genetik Mikroba [Slides]. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/179063793/bioetika-pdf
Losey, J.E., Rayor, L.S., & Carter, M.E. (1999). Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae. Nature, 399(6733), 214. https://doi.org/10.1038/20338
Lu, B.R., & Yang, C. (2009). Gene Flow from Genetically Modified Rice to its Wild Relatives: Assessing Potential Ecological Consequences. Biotechnology Advances, 27(6), 1083–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.018
Mahrus. (2014). Kontroversi Produk Rekayasa Genetika Yang Dikonsumsi Masyarakat. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 14(2), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v14i2.138
McLaren, A. (2007). A Scientist’s View of the Ethics of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Cell
Stem Cell, 1(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.05.003
Morandini, P. (2010). Inactivation of Allergens and Toxins. New Biotechnology, 27(5), 482–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2010.06.011
Nordlee, J.A., Taylor, S.L., Townsend, J.A., Thomas, L.A., & Bush, R.K. (1996). Identification of a Brazil-nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans. The New England Journal of Medicine 334(11): 688–692. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199603143341103
Pertry, I., Sabbadini, S., Goormachtig, S., Lokko, Y., Gheysen, G., Burssens, S., & Mezzetti, B. (2014). Biosafety Capacity Building: Experiences and Challenges from a Distance Learning Approach. New Biotechnology, 31(1), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2013.08.008
Prakash, D., Verma, S., Bhatia, R., & Tiwary, B.N. (2011). Risks and Precautions of Genetically Modified Organisms. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/369573
Preston, C.J., & Wickson, F. (2016). Broadening the Lens for the Governance of Emerging Technologies: Care Ethics and Agricultural Biotechnology. Technology in Society 45: 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.03.001
Punia, M.S. (2006). International Agriculture Research – Initiatives and Ethics. Hisar, India: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
(CCSHAU).
Resnik, D.B. (2015, December 1). What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important? Retrieved from
https://online225.psych.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/225-Master/225-UnitPages/Unit10/Resnik_NIH_2015.pdf
Ridwan, E. (2013). Etika Pemanfaatan Hewan Percobaan dalam Penelitian Kesehatan. Journal
of the Indonesian Medical Association : Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia, 63(3), 112–116.
Rustiawan, A., & Vanda, J. (1990). Pengujian Mutu Pangan Secara Biologis. Bogor, Indonesia: Pusat
Antar Universitas Pangan dan Gizi, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Shelley-Egan, C., Brey, P., Rodrigues, R., Douglas, D., Gurzawska, A., Bitsch, L., Wright, D., &
Wadhwa, K. (2015). Ethical Assessment of Research and Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of Practices and Institution in the EU and Selected Other Countries. SATORI Deliverable D1.1. Retrieved
from https://satoriproject.eu/media/D1.1_Ethical-assessment-of-RI_a-comparative-analysis.pdf
Si, T., & Zhao, H. (2016). A Brief Overview of Synthetic Biology Research Programs and Roadmap Studies in the United States. Synthetic and System Biotechnology 1: 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synbio.2016.08.003
Smith, J.B., & Mangkoewidjojo, S. (1988). Pemeliharaan, Pembiakan dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan di Daerah Tropis. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Sunarlim, N. & Sutrisno. (2003). Perkembangan Penelitian Bioteknologi Pertanian di Indonesia.
Buletin AgroBio, 6(1), 1–7. Retrieved from http://repository.pertanian.go.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/12383/perkembanganpenelitian2003.
pdf (In Indonesian).
Sutanto, A. (2010). Bioetik Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Genetik Mikroba. BIOEDUKASI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24127/bioedukasi.v1i1.183
Syaifuddin, M., & Handayani, S. (2014). Relasi Hukum, Moral dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
(Analisis Kontroversi Hukum dan Moral Rekayasa Genetika Makhluk Hidup di Indonesia). Jurnal
Dinamika Hukum, 14(1), 97–109. Retrieved from http://dinamikahukum.fh.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/JDH/article/view/280/272.ac.id
Thomas, J.C., & Miller, R. (2017). Codes of Ethics in Public Health. In W.C. Cockerham & S.R.
Quah (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., pp. 71–74). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00079-5
Tolin, S.A. & Vidaver, A.K. (2009). Genetically Modified Organisms: Guidelines and Regulations for Research. In M. Schaechter, (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (pp. 565–577). London, United Kingdom: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00008-0
Tyasning, D.M. (2011, September 23). Jenis-jenis Penelitian. Makalah Penelitian dan Pengajaran
Kimia, Jurusan Pendidikan MIPA, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas
Sebelas Maret, Surakarta. Retrieved from https://shendud.wordpress.com/pendidikan /jenis-jenispenelitian/
Urker, O., Yildiz, M., & Cobanoglu, N. (2012). The Role of Bioethics on Sustainability of Environmental Education. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1194–1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.799
Uzogara, S.G. (2000). The Impact of Genetic Modification of Human Foods in the 21st Century: A Review. Biotechnology Advances, 18(3), 179–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00033-1
Varzakas, T., & Tzanidis, T. (2016). Genetically Modified Foods: Risk Assesment, Legislation, Consumer Behavior, and Ethics. In B. Caballero, P. M. Finglas, & F. Toldrá (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food and Health (pp. 204–210). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00348-2
von Braun, J. (2010). Food Insecurity, Hunger and Malnutrition: Necessary Policy and Technology Changes. New Biotechnology, 27(5), 449–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2010.08.006
Wasilah, U., Rohimah, S., & Su’udi, M. (2019). Perkembangan Bioteknologi di Indonesia. Rekayasa 12(2): 85–90. https://doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v12i2.5469
Watanabe, K.N., Taeb, M., & Okusu, H. (2004). Putting Cartagena into Practice. Nature Biotechnology, 22(10), 1207–1208. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1004-1207b
Weale, A. (2010). Ethical Arguments Relevant to the Use of GM Crops. New Biotechnology, 27(5), 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2010.08.013
Zadoks, J., & Waibel, H. (2000). From Pesticides to Genetically Modified Plants: History, Economics, and Politics. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 48(2), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(00)80010-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.57790
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2980 | views : 1441Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia ISSN 1410-1637 (print), ISSN 2548-4788 (online) is published by the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, in collaboration with Indonesian Entomological Society (Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia, PEI) and Indonesian Phytopathological Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia, PFI). The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View website statistics