Dampak Terapi Antibiotika Mastitis Periode Kering pada Sapi Perah

Yanuartono - Yanuartono; Soedarmanto - Indarjulianto; Alsi Dara Paryuni

doi:10.22146/jsv.84752

Dampak Terapi Antibiotika Mastitis Periode Kering pada Sapi Perah

https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.84752

Yanuartono - Yanuartono^(1*), Soedarmanto - Indarjulianto⁽²⁾, Alsi Dara Paryuni⁽³⁾

(1) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
(2) FKH UGM
(3) FKH-UGM
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Abstrak

Periode kering pada sapi perah didefinisikan sebagai masa istirahat non laktasi sebelum melahirkan dengan tujuan utama meningkatkan produksi susu pada periode laktasi berikutnya. Saat ini secara umum antibiotika juga digunakan untuk terapi maupun pencegahan mastitis saat periode kering. Mastitis adalah salah satu penyakit menular yang paling penting pada sapi perah di seluruh dunia, bertanggung jawab atas kerugian ekonomi yang besar dan dampak negatif pada kesejahteraan sapi maupun manusia disebabkan oleh penurunan produksi susu. Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi susu pada laktasi berikutnya adalah periode kering yang berkisar antara 40-60 hari sebelum melahirkan. Guna menghindari kejadian mastitis saat periode kering maka saat ini banyak digunakan antibiotika saat memasuki periode kering atau akhir periode kering. Saat ini, sebagian besar dari antibiotika yang digunakan dalam industri susu diterapkan untuk mengendalikan mastitis pada sapi perah periode kering. Banyak Negara menerapkan system pemberian antibiotika pada semua kwartir saat periode kering. Namun demikian penggunaan antibiotika tersebut meningkatkan kekhawatiran munculnya resistensi antibiotika. Tulisan ini akan mencoba mengulas secara sederhana dampak penggunaan antibiotika saat periode kering pada sapi perah.

Kata kunci : mastitis; periode kering; antibiotika; resistensi

Keywords

mastitis; periode kering; antibiotika; resistensi

Full Text:

PDF

References

Daftar Pustaka

Aidara-Kane, A., Angulo, F.J., Conly, J.M., Minato, Y., Silbergeld, E.K., McEwen, S.A. And Collignon, P.J. (2018) WHO Guideline Development Group World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 17: 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017

Aly, S.S., Okello, E., ElAshmawy, W.R., Williams, D.R., Anderson, R.J., Rossitto, P., Tonooka, K., Glenn, K., Karle, B. And Lehenbauer, T.W. (2022) Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Clinical Mastitis and Culling Outcomes. Antibiotics. 11: 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antibiotics11070954

Annen, E.L., Collier, R.J., McGuire, M.A. And Vicini, J.L. (2004) Effects of Dry Period Length on Milk Yield and Mammary Epithelial Cells. J. Dairy Sci. 87:(E Suppl.), E66–E76. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70062-4

Azooz, M.F., El-Wakeel, S.A. And Yousef, H.M. (2020) Financial and economic analyses of the impact of cattle mastitis on the profitability of Egyptian dairy farms. Vet World. 13:1750-1759. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1750-1759.

Bachman, K.C. And Schairer, M.L. (2003) Invited Review: Bovine Studies on Optimal Lengths of Dry Periods. J.Dairy Sci. 86: 3027-3037 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2

Bakr, E.M., Abd El-kareem Abd El-Tawab, M., Elshemey, T.M. And Abd- Elrhman, A. H. (2015) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Studies on Mycotic Mastitis in Cattle. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences.46: 138-145 DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.189682

Barkema, H.W., Schukken, Y.H. And Zadoks, R.N. (2006) Invited Review: The role of cow, Pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 1877–1895. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72256-1.

Basbas, C., Aly, S., Okello, E., Karle, B.M., Lehenbauer, T., Williams, D., Ganda, E., Wiedmann, M. And Pereira, R.V. (2022) Effect of Intramammary Dry Cow Antimicrobial Treatment on Fresh Cow's Milk Microbiota in California Commercial Dairies. Antibiotics (Basel). 11: 963. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11070963.

Bauman, C.A., Barkema, H.W., Dubuc, J., Keefe, G.P. And Kelton, D. F. (2018) Canadian National Dairy Study: Herd-level milk quality. J. Dairy Sci. 101: 2679-2691 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13336

Beever, D.E. (2006). The impact of controlled nutrition during the dry period on dairy cow health, fertility and performance. Anim Reprod Sci. 96: 212-226. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.002.

Berry, E. And Hillerton, J.E. (2002) The Effect of an Intramammary Teat Seal on New Intramammary Infections. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 2512–2520. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74334-8.

Berry, E.A. And Hillerton, J.E. (2002) The effect of selective dry cow treatment on new intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci. 85: 112-121. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74059-9. PMID: 11860103.

Bertulat, S., Fischer-Tenhagen, C. And Heuwieser, W. (2015) A survey of drying-off practices on commercial dairy farms in northern Germany and a comparison to science-based recommendations. Vet Rec Open. 20:2, e000068. doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000068

Bhosale, R., Osmani, R.A., Ghodake, P.P., Shaikh, S.M. And Chavan, S.R. (2014) Mastitis: An intensive crisis in veterinary science. Int. J. Pharma Res. Health Sci. 2:96–103.

Bhutto, A.L., Murray, R.D. And Woldehiwet, Z. (2011) The effect of dry cow therapy and internal teat-sealant on intra-mammary infections during subsequent lactation. Research in Veterinary Science. 90: 316–320. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.006.

Bonelli, F., Orsetti, C., Turini, L., Meucci, V., Pierattini, A., Sgorbini, M. And Citi, S. (2020) Mammary Cistern Size during the Dry Period in Healthy Dairy Cows: A Preliminary Study for an Ultrasonographic Evaluation. Animals. 10: 2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112082

Bradley, A.J., Breen, J.E., Payne, B., Williams, P., And Green, M.J. (2010) The use of a cephalonium containing dry cow therapy and an internal teat sealant, both alone and in combination. J Dairy Sci. 93(4):1566-1577. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2725

Bradley, A.J. And Green, M.J. (2000) A study of the incidence and significance of intramammary enterobacterial infections acquired during the dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 83(9):1957–1965. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75072-7

Bradley, A.J. And Green, M.J. (2004) The importance of the nonlactating period in the epidemiology of intramammary infection and strategies for prevention. Vet. Clin. N. Am-Food. 20 (2004): 547-568, 10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.010

Bramley, A. J. And Dodd, F.H. (1984). Reviews of the progress of dairy science: Mastitis control - progress and prospects. Journal of Dairy Research. 51(3): 481-512. doi:10.1017/S0022029900023797

Breser, M.L., Felipe,V., Bohl, L.P., Orellano, M.S., Isaac, P., Conesa, A., Rivero, V.E., Correa, S.G., Bianco, I.D. And Porporatto, C. (2018) Chitosan and cloxacillin combination improve antibiotic efficacy against different lifestyle of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from chronic bovine mastitis. Sci Rep. 8(1):5081. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23521-0.

Browning, J.W., Mein, G.A., Barton, M., Nicholls, T.J. And Brightling, P. (1990) Effects of antibiotic therapy at drying-off on mastitis in the dry period and early lactation. Aust Ve. J. 67(12) : 440-442. 10.1111/j.1751.0813.1990.tb03055.x.

Browning, J.W., Mein, G.A., Brightling, P., Nicholls, T. J. And Barton, M. (1994) Strategies for mastitis control: dry cow therapy and culling. Aust Vet J. 71(6): 179-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03383.x. PMID: 8080407.

Bucher, B. And Bleul, U. (2019) The Effect of Selective Dry Cow Treatment on the Udder Health in Swiss Dairy Farms. SAT Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 161(9): 533-544. DOI: 10.17236/sat00219

Cameron, M., McKenna, S.L., MacDonald, K.A., Dohoo, I.R., Roy, J.P., And Keefe, G.P. (2014) Evaluation of Selective Dry Cow Treatment Following On-Farm Culture: Risk of Postcalving Intramammary Infection and Clinical Mastitis in the Subsequent Lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 97 (1): 270–284. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7060.

Cameron, R.E., Dyk, P.B., Herdt, T.H., Kaneene, J.B., Miller, R., Bucholtz, H.F., Liesman, J.S., VandeHaar, M.J., And Emery, R.S. (1998) Dry cow diet, management, and energy balance as risk factors for displaced abomasum in high producing dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 81(1):132–139. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75560-2.

Capuco, A.V., Akers, R.M., And Smith, J.J. (1997) Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: Quantification of nucleic acids and histology. J. Dairy Sci. 80(3): 477-487. 487https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75960-5

Cengiz, M., And Bastan, A. (2014) Effectiveness of Dry Cow Therapy Comprising Antibiotic Treatment, Internal Teat Sealant, and α-Tocopherol Against New Intramammary Infections in Cows. Journal of Veterinary Research. 59(1):71-78. https://doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0011

Chambers, L., Yang, Y., Littier, H., Ray, P., Zhang, T., Pruden, A., Strickland, M. And Knowlton K. (2015) Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Feces following Therapeutic Administration of Third Generation Cephalosporin. PLoS ONE. 10(8): e0133764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133764

Cheng, W.N., And Han, S.G. (2020) Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 33(11):1699-1713. doi: 10.5713/ajas.20.0156.

Contreras, G.A.B., Walter, M., Guterbock, W.M., Muñoz, J.R., Phillip, M. And Sears, P.M. (2013) Comparison of systemic and intramammary dry cow treatments. Rev.MVZ Córdoba 18(1): 3259-3264

Crispie, F., Flynn, J., Ross, R. P., Hill, C. And Meaney, W.J. (2004). Dry cow therapy with a non-antibiotic intramammary teat seal - a review. Ir Vet J. 57(7):412-418. doi: 10.1186/2046-0481-57-7-412.

Cummins, K.A., And McCaskey, T.A. (1987). Multiple Infusions of Cloxacillin for Treatment of Mastitis During the Dry Period. J Dairy Sci. 70(12): 2658-2665. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80336-3.

Daley, M.J., Coyle, P.A., Williams, T.J., Furda, G., Dougherty, R. And Hayes, P.W. (1991) Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis: Pathogenesis and Treatment with Bovine Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-2. J. Dairy Sci. 74(12): 4413-4424. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78637-2

De Jong, A., Garch, F.E., Simjee, S., Moyaert, H., Rose, M., Youala, M., Siegwart, E., And VetPath Study Group. (2018) Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens recovered from cases of clinical mastitis in dairy cows across Europe: VetPath result. Vet. Microbiol. 213 (2018): 73-81, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.021

Dingwell, R.T., Duffield, T.F., Leslie, K.E., Keefe, G.P., DesCoteaux, L., Kelton, D.F., Lissemore, K.D., Schukken, Y.H., Dick, P. And Bagg, R. (2002) The efficacy of intramammary tilmicosin at drying-off, and other risk factors for the prevention of new intramammary infections during the dry period. J Dairy Sci. 85(12):3250-3259. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74413-5.

Dingwell, R.T., Leslie, K.E., Duffield, T.F., Schukken, Y.H., DesCoteaux, L., Keefe, G.P., Kelton, D.F., Lissemore, K.D., Shewfelt, W., Dick, P. And Bagg, R. (2003) Efficacy of Intramammary Tilmicosin and Risk Factors for Cure of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Dry Period. J. Dairy Sci. 86(1):159–168. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73596-6

Dingwell, R.T., Kelton, D.F., Leslie, K.E. And Edge, V.L. (2001) Deciding to dry off. Does level of production matter? In Proceedings of the National Mastitis Council 40th Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, USA, 11 February 2001. 1–9

Egyedy, A.F. And Ametaj, B.N. ( 2022) Mastitis: Impact of Dry Period, Pathogens, and Immune Responses on Etiopathogenesis of Disease and its Association with Periparturient Diseases. Dairy. 3(4): 881-906. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3040061

Ehinger, A.M., Schmidt, H. And Kietzmann, M. (2006) Tissue distribution of cefquinome after intramammary and “systemic” administration in the isolated perfused bovine udder. Vet. J. 172 (1): 147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.029.

ElAshmawy, W. R., Okello, E., Williams, D. R., Anderson, R. J., Karle, B., Lehenbauer, T.W. And Aly, S.S. (2022) Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes. Veterinary Sciences. 9(10):559. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100559

Enevoldsen, C. And Sorensen, J.T. (1992) Effects of dry period length on clinical mastitis and other major clinical health disorders. J. Dairy Sci. 75(4): 1007–1014. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77843-6.

Erskine, R.J., Cullor, J., Schaellibaum, M., Yancey, R. And Zecconi, A. (2004) Bovine mastitis pathogens and trends in resistance to antimicrobial drugs. National Mastitis Conceal, 400–410

Farrell, S., McKernan, C., Benson, T., Elliott, C. And Dean, M. (2021) Understanding farmers' and veterinarians' behavior in relation to antimicrobial use and resistance in dairy cattle: A systematic review. J. Dairy Sci. 104(4): 4584-4603 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19614

Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P. And Giaccone, V. (2017) Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 57(13): 2857–2876. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1077192.

Friggens, N. C., Berg, P., Theilgard, P., Korsgaard, I.R., Ingvartsen, K.L., Lovendahl, P. And Jensen, J. (2007) Breed and parity effects on energy balance profiles through lactation: evidence of genetically driven body energy change. J Dairy Sci. 90 (11): 5291–5305. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0173

Fujiwara, M., Haskell, M.J., Macrae, A.I. And Rutherford, K.M.D. (2018) Survey of dry cow management on UK commercial dairy farms. Vet Record. 183(9): 297. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104755

Gábor, G., Balogh, O.G., Kern, L., Gábor, P. R., And Fébel, H. (2016) Nutrition, Metabolic Status and Reproductive Efficiency in Dairy Herds. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 6(1): 75-84. doi: 10.4236/ojas.2016.61010.

Gillespie, B.E., Moorehead, H., Lunn, P., Dowlen, H.H., Johnson, D.L., Lamar, K.C., Lewis, M. J., Ivey, S.J., Hallberg, J.W., Chester, S.T. And Oliver, S.P. (2002) Efficacy of extended pirlimycin hydrochloride therapy for treatment of environmental Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in lactating dairy cows. VetTher. 3(4): 373–380.

Golder, H.M., Hodge, A. And Lean, I.J. (2016) Effects of antibiotic dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant on milk somatic cell counts and clinical and subclinical mastitis in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (9):7370–7380 http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11114

Gomes, F. And Henriques, M. (2016) Control of Bovine Mastitis: Old and Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Microbiol. 72(4):377–382. doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0958-8.

Goncalves, J.L., Young, J., Leite, R.F., Fidelis, C.E., Trevisoli, P.A., Coutinho, L.L., Silva, N.C. C., Cue, R.I., Rall, V.L.M. And dos Santos, M.V. (2022) The Impact of Selective Dry Cow Therapy Adopted in a Brazilian Farm on Bacterial Diversity and the Abundance of Quarter Milk. Veterinary Sciences. 9(10):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100550

Gonçalves, J.L., Kamphuis, C., Martins, C.M.M.R., Barreiro, J.R., Tomazi, T., Gameiro, A.H., Hogeveen, H. And dos Santos, M.V. (2018) Bovine subclinical mastitis reduces milk yield and economic return. Livest. Sci. 210 (2018):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.livsci.2018.01.016.

Green, M., Huxley, J., Madouasse, A., Browne, W., Medley, G., Bradley, A., Biggs, A., Breen, J., Burnell, M., Hayton, A., Husband, J., Reader, J., Statham, J. And Thorne, M. (2008) Making Good Decisions on Dry Cow Management to Improve Udder Health - Synthesising Evidence in a Bayesian Framework. Cattle Pract. 16: 200-208.

Green, M.J., Green, L.E., Medley, G.F., Schukken, Y.H., And Bradley, A.J. ( 2002) Influence of dry period bacterial intramammary infection on clinical mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85 (10): 2589-2599. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74343-9

Green, M.J., Bradley, A.J., Medley, G.F. And Browne, W.J. (2007) Cow, Farm, and Management Factors During the Dry Period that Determine the Rate of Clinical Mastitis After Calving. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (8):3764–3776 doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0107

Halasa, T., Nielen, M., Whist, A.C. And Østerås, O. (2009) Meta-analysis of dry cow management for dairy cattle. Part 2. Cure of existing intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 92(7): 3150–3157. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1741

Halasa, T., Nielen, M., van Werven, T. And Hogeveen, H. (2010) A simulation model to calculate costs and benefits of dry period interventions in dairy cattle. Livestock Science. 129(1-3): 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.01.009

Hallberg, J.W., Wachowski, M., Moseley, W.M., Dame, K.J., Meyer, J. And Wood, S.L. (2006) Efficacy of Intramammary Infusion of Ceftiofur Hydrochloride at Drying Off for Treatment and Prevention of Bovine Mastitis during the Nonlactating Period. Veterinary Therapeutics. 7(1): 35-42

Hassan, Z., Daniel, R.C., O'Boyle, D. And Frost, A. J. (1999) Effects of dry cow intramammary therapy on quarter infections in the dry period. Vet Rec. 145(22): 635-639. doi: 10.1136/vr.145.22.635.

Heikkilä, A.-M., Niemi, R.E. And Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2022) Economic perspectives on blanket and selective dry cow therapy. Agricultural and Food Science. 31(4): 297–306. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.119927

Huey, S., Kavanagh, M., Regan, A., Dean, M., McKernan, C., McCoy, F., Ryan, E.G., Caballero-Villalobos, J. And McAloon, C.I. (2021) Engaging with selective dry cow therapy: understanding the barriers and facilitators perceived by Irish farmers. Ir Vet J. 74 (28): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-021-00207-0

Huijps, K. And Hogeveen, H. (2007) Stochastic modeling to determine the economic effects of blanket, selective, and no dry cow therapy. J dairy sci. 90(3): 1225-1234. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71611-9

Ismail, Z.B., Muhaffel, M.M. And Abu-Basha, E. (2018) The effect of dry cow therapy using systemic tylosin in combination with common intramammary medications on mastitis rate, cull rate, somatic cell count, and milk production in dairy cows affected with subclinical mastitis. Vet World. 11(9):1266-1271. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1266-1271.

Johnson, M.E., Martin, J.H., Baker, R.J. And Parsons, J.G. (1977) Persistence of Antibiotics in Milk from Cows Treated Late in the Dry Period. J Dairy Sci. 60 (10): 1655-1661. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)84085-X.

Jones, G.M. (2009) Proper Dry Cow Management Critical for Mastitis Control. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2009

Kabelitz, T., Aubry, E., van Vorst, K., Amon, T. And Fulde, M. (2021) The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis. Microorganisms. 9 (7): 1497. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071497.

Kabera, F., Dufour, S., Keefe, G., Cameron, M. And Roy, J.P. (2020) Evaluation of quarter-based selective dry cow therapy using Petrifilm on-farm milk culture: A randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci. 103(8): 7276-7287. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17438.

Kabera, F., Roy, J.P., Afifi, M., Godden, S., Stryhn, H., Sanchez, J. And Dufour, S. (2021) Comparing Blanket vs. Selective Dry Cow Treatment Approaches for Elimination and Prevention of Intramammary Infections During the Dry Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci. 8:688450. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.688450.

Keown, J.F. And Everett, R.W. (1986) Effect of days carried calf, days dry and weight of first calf heifers on yield. J. Dairy Sci. 69 (7): 1891-1896. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80615-4

Kim, I.-H. And Suh, G.-H. (2003) Effect of the amount of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change, occurrence of postpartum diseases, metabolic parameters and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology. 60 (8): 1445–1456. doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00135-3.

Kingwill, R.G., Neave, F.K., Dodd, F.H., Griffin, T.K., Westgarth, D.R. And Wilson, C.D. (1970) The Effect of a Mastitis Control System on Levels of Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis in Two Years. Vet. Rec. 87 (4): 94–100. doi: 10.1136/vr.87.4.94.

Kirk, J.H. And Bartlett, P.C. (1984) Economic Impact of Mastitis in Michigan Holstein Dairy Herds Using Computerized Records System; Agricultural Practises. 1: 3. Philpot, W.N. 1984. Mastitis Management. III; Babson Brothers: Oak Brook, IL, USA, 1988.

Klein, J.W. And Woodward, T.E. (1943) Influence of length of dry period upon the quantity of milk produced in the subsequent lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 26 (8):705-713. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(43)92771-7

Koeck, A., Miglior, F., Kelton, D.F. And Schenkel, F.S. (2012) Alternative somatic cell count traits to improve mastitis resistance in Canadian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 95 (1): 432–439. doi: 10.3168/jds.2011-4731.

Krömker, V. And Leimbach, S. (2017) Mastitis treatment—Reduction in antibiotic usage in dairy cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 52 (Suppl 3): 21–29. doi: 10.1111/rda.13032.

Kuhn, M.T., Hutchison, J.L. And Norman, H.D. (2005) Minimum days dry to maximize milk yield in subsequent lactation. Anim. Res. 54 (5): 351–367. DOI: 10.1051/animres:2005031

Laven, R., Balcomb, C., Tulley, W., Lawrence, K., Laven, R. And Lawrence, K. (2014) Effect of dry period length on the effect of an intramammary teat sealant on the risk of mastitis in cattle treated with antibiotics at drying off. N. Z. Vet. J. 62 (4): 214–220. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2013.879689.

Liljebjelke, K., Warnick, L. And Witt, M. (2000) Antibiotic residues in milk following bulbar subconjunctival injection of procaine penicillin G in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 217 (3): 369–371. doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.369

McCubbin, K.D., de Jong, E., Theo, J.G.M.L., Kelton, D.F., John, R., Middleton, J. R., McDougall, S., De Vliegher, S., Godden, S., Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Rowe, S., Speksnijder, D.C., Kastelic, J.P. And Barkema, H.W. (2022) invited review: Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off. J. Dairy Sci. 105 (9): 7161-7189. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-21455

McDougall, S., Agnew, K.E., Cursons, R., Hou, X.X. And Compton, C.R. (2007) Parenteral treatment of clinical mastitis with tylosin base or penethamate hydriodide in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 90(2):779-789. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71562-X.

National Mastitis Council. (2017) Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis, 5th ed.; National Mastitis Council: New Prague, MN, USA, 2017

Neave, F.K., Dodd, F.H., Kingwill, R.G. And Westgarth, D.R. (1969) Control of mastitis in the dairy herd by hygiene and management. J. Dairy Sci. 52 (5): 696-707. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(69)86632-4

Nero, L.A., Mattos, M.R., Beloti, V., Barros, M.A.F. And Franco B.D.G.M. (2007) Residues of antibiotics in raw milk from four dairy regions in Brazil. Food Sci. Technol. 27(2): 391–393.

Nickerson, S.C., Owens, W.E., Fox, L.K., Scheifinger, C.C., Shryock, T.R. And Spike, T. E. (1999) Comparison of Tilmicosin and Cephapirin as Therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis at Dry-off. J Dairy Sci. 82(4):696-703. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75286-0.

Niemia, R.E., Vilara, M.J., Dohoob, I.R., Hovinena, M., Simojokia, H. And Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2020) Antibiotic dry cow therapy, somatic cell count, and milk production: Retrospective analysis of the associations in dairy herd recording data using multilevel growth models. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 180: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105028

Niskanen, R., Emanuelson, U., Sundberg, J., Larsson, B. And Alenius, S. (1995) Effects of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus on health and reproductive performance in 213 dairy herds in one county in Sweden. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 23 (3–4): 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)00437-N

Nitz, J., Wente, N., Zhang, Y., Klocke, D., Tho Seeth, M. And Krömker, V. (2021) Dry Period or Early Lactation-Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors for Intramammary Infections in Dairy Cows. Pathogens. 10(2):224. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10020224.

O’Connor, J.J. And Oltenacu, P.A. (1988) Determination of optimum drying off time for dairy cows using decision analysis and computer simulation. J. Dairy Sci. 71(11): 3080-3091. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79908-7

Oliver, S.P. And Sordillo, L.M. (1989). Approaches to the manipulation of mammary involution. J. Dairy Sci. 72 (6): 1647-1664. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79277-8.

Oliver, S.P. And Mitchell, B.A. (1983) Susceptibility of Bovine Mammary Gland to Infections during the Dry Period. J. Dairy Sci. 66 (5): 1162–1166. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81913-4.

Oliver, S.P. And Bushe, T. (1986). Inhibition of coliform mastitis pathogen growth during involution of the bovine mammary gland. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Mastitis Control and Hygienic Production of Milk, Espoo, Finland, 10–12 June 1986, 25–30.

Oliver, S.P., Duby, R.T., Prange, R.W. And Tritschler, J. P. II. (1984) Residues in Colostrum Following Antibiotic Dry Cow Therapy. J Dairy Sci. 67 (12): 3081-3084. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81676-8

Østerås, O. And Sølverød, L. (2009) Norwegian mastitis control program. Ir. Vet. J. 62 (Suppl. 4): S26–S33. https://doi.org/10.1186/ 2046-0481-62-S4-S26.

Parkinson, T.J., Vermunt, J.J. And Merrall, M. (2000) Comparative efficacy of three dry-cow antibiotic formulations in spring - calving New Zealand dairy cows. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 48(5): 129-135. DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2000.36179

Persson Waller, K., Landin, H. And Nyman, A-K. (2022) Herd Routines and Veterinary Advice Related to Drying-Off and the Dry Period of Dairy Cows. Dairy. 3(2): 377-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020029

Petzer, I-M., Lourens, D.C., van der Schans, T.J., Watermeyer, J.C., van Reenen, R., Rautenbach, G. H. And Thompson, P. (2009) Intramammary infection rate during the dry period in cows that received blanket dry cow therapy: efficacy of 6 different dry-cow intra-mammary antimicrobial products. Jl S.Afr.vet.Ass. 80(1): 23–30. doi: 10.4102/jsava.v80i1.164.

Pitkala, A., Haveri, M., Pyorala, S., Myllys, V. And Honkanen-Buzalski T. (2004) Bovine Mastitis in Finland 2001—Prevalence, Distributionof Bacteria, and Antimicrobial Resistance. J. Dairy Sci. 87(8): 2433–2441. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73366-4

Pol, M. And Ruegg, P.L. (2007) Treatment practices and quantification of antimicrobial drug usage in conventional and organic dairy farms in Wisconsin. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (1): 249–261. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72626-7.

Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Nødtvedt, A., Halasa, T. And Waller, P.K. (2021) Prudent Use of Antibiotics in Dairy Cows: The Nordic Approach to Udder Health. Front Vet Sci. 8: 623998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.623998

Remond, B., Kerouanton, J. And Brocard, V. (1997) The effect of reducing or omitting the dry period on the performance of dairy cows. Prod Anim. 10 (4): 301–315.

Ricci, A., Allende, A., Bolton, D., Chemaly, M., Davies, R., Fernández Escámez, P. S., Girones, R., Koutsoumanis, K., Lindqvist, R., Nørrung, B., Robertson, L., Ru, G., Sanaa, M., Simmons, M., Skandamis, P., Snary, E., Speybroeck, N., Kuile, B. T., Threlfall, J., Wahlström, H., Bengtsson, B., Bouchard, D., Randall, L., Tenhagen, B. A., Verdon, E., Wallace, J., Brozzi, R., Guerra, B., Liebana, E., Stella, P. And Herman L. (2017) Scientific opinion on the risk for the development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to feeding of calves with milk containing residues of antibiotics. EFSA J. 15 (1): 4665. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4665

Robert, A., Seegers, H. And Bareille, N. (2006) Incidence of intramammary infections during the dry period without or with antibiotic treatment in dairy cows-a quantitative analysis of published data. Vet. Res. 37 (1):25–48. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2005047.

Rowe, S.M., Godden, S.M., Nydam, D.V., Gorden, P.J., Lago, A., Vasquez, A.K., Royster, E., Timmerman, J. And Thomas, M.J. (2020) Randomized controlled non-inferiority trial investigating the effect of 2 selective dry-cow therapy protocols on antibiotic use at dry-off and dry period intramammary infection dynamics. J. Dairy Sci. 103 (7): 6473–6492 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17728

Rowe, S., Kabera, F., Dufour, S., Godden, S., Jean-Philippe, R. And Nydam, D. (2023) Selective dry-cow therapy can be implemented successfully in cows of all milk production levels. J. Dairy Sci. 106(3): 1953-1967. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22547

Roy, J.P., DesCôteaux, L., DuTremblay, D., Beaudry, F. And Elsener, J. (2009) Efficacy of a 5-day extended therapy program during lactation with cephapirin sodium in dairy cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Can Vet J. 50(12): 1257-1262.

Runciman, D.J., Malmo, J. And Deighton, M. (2010) The use of an internal teat sealant in combination with cloxacillin dry cow therapy for the prevention of clinical and subclinical mastitis in seasonal calving dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 93(10): 4582-4591. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2956.

Safa, S., Soleimani, A. And Heravi Moussavi, A. (2013) Improving Productive and Reproductive Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows through Dry Period Management. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 26(5):630-637. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12303.

Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A., van den Heuvel, K.W. H., Lam, T.J.G.M., Scherpenzeel, C.G.M. And van Schaik, G. (2021) Monitoring udder health on routinely collected census data: Evaluating the short- to mid-term consequences of implementing selective dry cow treatment. J. Dairy Sci. 104 (2): 2280-2289 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18973

Santschi, D.E. And Lefebvre, D.M. (2014) Review: Practical concepts on short dry period management. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94 (3): 381-390. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-194

Sartori, L.C.A., Santos, R.C. And Marin, J.M. (2014) Identification of Candida species isolated from cows suffering mastitis in four Brazilian states. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 66 (5): 1615-1617 . https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7576

Schepers, J.A. And Dijkhuizen, A.A. (1991) The economics of mastitis and mastitis control in dairy cattle: a critical analysis of estimates published since 1970. Prev Vet Med. 10 (3): 213–224. doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(91)90005-M

Scherpenzeel, C.G.M., den Uijl, I.E.M., van Schaik, G., Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., Hogeveen, H. And Lam, T.J.G.M. (2016) Effect of different scenarios for selective dry-cow therapy on udder health, antimicrobial usage, and economics. J. dairy sci. 99(5): 3753-3764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9963

Scherpenzeel, C.G.M., den Uijl, I.E.M., van Schaik, G., Olde Riekerink, R.G. M., Keurentjes, J.M. And Lam, T.J.G.M. (2014) Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97 (6): 3606-3614. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7655

Schreiner, D. And Ruegg, P. (2002) Effects of tail docking on milk quality and cow cleanliness. J Dairy Sci. 85 (10): 2503–2511. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74333-6.

Shephard, R.W., Burman, S. And Marcun, P. (2004) A comparative field trial of cephalonium and cloxacillin for dry cow therapy for mastitis in Australian dairy cows. Aust Vet J. 82(10):624-629. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12610.x.

Sigmund, M., Egger-Danner, C., Firth, C.L., Obritzhauser, W., Roch, F.F., Conrady, B. And Wittek, T. (2023) The effect of antibiotic versus no treatment at dry-off on udder health and milk yield in subsequent lactation: A retrospective analysis of Austrian health recording data from dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 106 (1): 452–461. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-21790

Simjee, S., Amedeo, J. And Barletta, A.M. (2011) Use of Tylan 200®for the treatment of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or Streptococcus uberis. In: Hogeveen H, Lam T.J.G, editors. Udder Health and Communication. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 295–295.

Smith, J. And Becker K. (1995) 50 to 59 days dry has highest production. Hoards Dairyman. 140, 6

Smith, A., Neave, F, K. And Dodd, F. (1966) Methods of reducing the incidence of udder infection in dry cows. Vet. Rec. 79 (8): 233–236. doi: 10.1136/vr.79.8.233.

Smith, A. Wheelock, J.V. And Dodd F.H. (1967) Effect of milking throughout pregnancy on milk secretion in the succeeding lactation. J. Dairy Res. 34 (2): 145-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900012279

Soback, S., Ziv, G., Winkler, M. And Saran, A. (1990) Systemic dry cow therapy--a preliminary report. J Dairy Sci. 73(3):661-666. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78717-6.

Soulat, J., Knapp, E., Moula, N., Hornick, J.L., Purnelle, C. And Dufrasne, I. (2020) Effect of Dry-Period Diet on the Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation. Animals (Basel). 10(5):803. doi: 10.3390/ani10050803.

Shpigel, N.Y., Kass, P.H. And Saran, A. (2006) A comparative randomized field trial on intramammary and intramuscular dry cow antibiotic treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 53(8):418-422. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00848.x.

Tempini, P.N., Aly, S.S., Karle, B.M. And Pereira, R.V. (2018) Multidrug residues and antimicrobial resistance patterns in waste milk from dairy farms in Central California. J. Dairy Sci. 101 (9): 8110–8122 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14398

Todhunter, D.A., Smith, K.L., Hogan, J.S. And Schoenberger, P.S. (1991) Gram-negative bacterial infections of the mammary gland in cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52 (2):184–188.

Tora, E.T., Bekele, N.B. And Kumar, R.S. (2022) Bacterial profile of bovine mastitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Peer J. 6:10. e13253. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13253.

USDA . Dairy (2014) Milk Quality, Milking Procedures, and Mastitis in the United States, 2014. USDA; Fort Collins, CO, USA: 2016.

USDA-NAHMS (United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Health Monitoring System). (2014) Milk Quality, Milking Procedures, and Mastitis on U.S. Dairies, 2014. Accessed March. 19, 2023. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/ downloads/dairy14/Dairy14_dr_Mastitis.pdf.

Van Knegsel, A.T., Van Der Drift, S.G., Čermáková, J. And Kemp, B. (2013) Effects of shortening the dry period of dairy cows on milk production, energy balance, health, and fertility: A systematic review. Veter-J. 198 (3): 707–713. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.005.

Van Soest, F.J. S., Santman-Berends, I., Lam, T. And Hogeveen, H. (2016) Failure and preventive costs of mastitis on Dutch dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (10): 8365–8374. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10561

Vanhoudt, A.K., van Hees-Huijps, A.T.M., van Knegsel, O.C., Sampimon, J.C.M., Vernooij, M., Nielen, And van Werven T. (2018) Effects of reduced intramammary antimicrobial use during the dry period on udder health in Dutch dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 101 (4): 3248–3260. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13555.

Vilar, M.J., Hovinen, M., Simojoki, H. And Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2018) Short communication: Drying-off practices and use of dry cow therapy in Finnish dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 101(8): 7487-7493 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14742

Waller, K.P., Landin, H. And Nyman, A.-K. (2021) Herd Routines and Veterinary Advice Related to Dry-Cow Therapy and Treatment with Internal Teat Sealants in Dairy Cows. Animals. 11(12): 3411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani11123411

Wang, Y., Wu, C.M., Lu, L.M., Na Ren, G.W., Cao, X.Y. And Shen, J.Z. (2008) Macrolide–lincosamide-resistant phenotypes and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. Vet Microbiol. 130 (1-2): 118–125. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.012.

Watters, R.D., Wiltbank, M.C., Guenther, J.N., Brickner, A.E., Rastani, R.R., Fricke, P.M. And Grummer, R.R. (2009) Effect of dry period length on reproduction during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci. 92 (7): 3081–3090. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1294

Weber, J., Borchardt, S., Seidel, J., Schreiter, R., Wehrle, F., Donat, K. And Freick, M. (2021) Effects of Selective Dry Cow Treatment on Intramammary Infection Risk after Calving, Cure Risk during the Dry Period, and Antibiotic Use at Drying-Off: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Literature (2000-2021). Animals (Basel). 11(12): 3403. doi: 10.3390/ani11123403.

Wellenberg, G.J., Verstraten, E.R.A.M., Belák, S., Verschuren, S.B.E., Rijsewijk, F.A.M.,

Peshev, R. And Van Oirschot, J. T. (2001) Detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein B and thymidine kinase DNA by PCR assays in bovine milk. Journal of Virological Methods. 97(1–2):101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00341-X

Wilde, C.J., Addey, C.V.P., Li, P. And Fernig, D.G. (1997) Programmed cell death in bovine mammary tissue during lactation and involution. Exp. Physiol. 82 (5): 943-953. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004075.

Winder, C.B., Sargeant, J.M., Hu, D., Wang, C., Kelton, D.F., Leblanc, S.J., Duffield, T.F., Glanville, J., Wood, H., Churchill, K.J., Dunn, J., Bergevin, M.D., Dawkins, K., Meadows, S., Deb, B., Reist, M., Moody, C. And C. O’Connor A.M. (2019). Comparative efficacy of teat sealants given prepartum for prevention of intramammary infections and clinical mastitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 20 (2): 182-198. doi: 10.1017/S1466252319000276

Wittek, T., Tichy, A., Grassauer, B. And Egger-Danner, C. (2018) Retrospective analysis of Austrian health recording data of antibiotic or nonantibiotic dry-off treatment on milk yield, somatic cell count, and frequency of mastitis in subsequent lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 101 (2): 1456-1463 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13385

World Health Organization. (2009) Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [Online]. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44065/WHO_EHC_240_eng.pdf.

Zeryehun, T. And Abera, G. (2017) Prevalence and Bacterial Isolates of Mastitis in Dairy Farms in Selected Districts of Eastern Harrarghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. J. Vet. Med. 2017:6498618. doi: 10.1155/2017/6498618.

Zigo, F. And Ondrašovičová, S. (2022). New trends in dairy cows drying. J Dairy Vet Anim Res. 11(1):13‒15.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.84752