* Corresponding Author
Orang-utans’ (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Activity Pattern in Camp Release and Feeding Site of Lamandau Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Borneo, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.70001 Novita Amalia(1), Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah(2*), Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko(3), Azhari Purbatrapsila(4)
(1) Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, IPB University. Jl. Agathis, Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, IPB University. Jl. Agathis, Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia; Primate Research Center, IPB University. Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor 16151, West Java, Indonesia
(3) Faculty of Biology and Primate Research Center, Universitas Nasional. Jl. Sawomanila, South Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
(4) Orangutan Foundation UK. Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) release process at Lamandau Wildlife Reserve applies the soft-release method. In this method, there is still provisioning additional food on the feeding site by human. The existence of camp release and feeding sites in the vicinity of release forests is assumed to have an impact on orang-utans’ activity patterns. This assumption is related to the principle of releasing them into their natural forest habitat, namely by reducing direct interaction between humans and orang-utans. The aims of this research were: (i) to measure the intensities of orang-utan presence on camp and feeding site, (ii) to analyze the correlation between phenology and orang-utan’s presence on camp and feeding site, and (iii) to assess orang-utan’s activity budgets, diet composition, and vertical used on camp, feeding site, and forest. Activity budgets of five group orang-utans with different categories based on age and sex were compared using the focal animal sampling method and instantaneous records. The analysis showed no correlation between the intensities of orang-utan presence and phenology. However, there were significant differences in activity patterns between adult and adolescent orang-utans. The findings revealed that adult orang-utans activity pattern tended to be high in resting at all observation locations while adolescents spending more their activity for feeding. Orang-utans at 0-10 m of height classes tend to do more activity. Almost all orang-utans feed on a non-forest diet (45-67%) in the camp release, feeding site, and surrounding. We assumed that the existence of a camp release and feeding site near the release point are affecting factors in a successful reintroduction of ex-rehabilitate orang-utans.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Altmann, J., 1974. Observational study of behavior : sampling methods. Behaviour. 49, pp.227–267.
Ashbury, A.M. et al., 2020. Home range establishment and the mechanism of philopatry among female Bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) at Tuanan. Behave Ecology and Sociobiology, pp.74-42. doi: 10.1007/s00265-020-2818-1
Bani, S.N. et al., 2018. Adaptation behavior of Bornean Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) reintroduction in Kehje Sewen, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 19(3), pp. 989-996. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d190330
Basalamah, F., 2016. Measuring and Predicting Success of Orang-utan Reintroduction [Dissertation]. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.
Basalamah, F. et al., 2018. Monitoring orang-utan reintroduction: Results of activity budgets, diets, vertical used, and associations during the first year post-release in Kehje Sewen forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 19(2), pp.689-700. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d190242
Beck, B. et al., 2007. Best practice guidelines for the re-introduction of great apes. The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Switzerland.
Damerius, L. et al., 2017. Orientation toward humans predicts cognitive performance in orang-utans . Nature-Scientific reports, 7, pp.1-12. doi: 10.1038/srep40052
Kaiser et al., 2015. Suboptimal foraging behaviour: a new perspective on gambling. Behavioural Neuroscience, 129 (5), pp.656-665.
Morrogh-Bernard, H.C. et al., 2009. Orang-utan activity budgets and diet: a comparison between species, populations and habitats. In: Wich SA, Utami-Atmoko SS, Mitra Setya T, van Schaik CP, editor. Orang-utans : Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. New York (US): Oxford Univ Press, pp.119-132.
Nater, A. et al., 2017. Morphometric, behavioral, and genomic evidence for a new orang-utan spesies. Current Biology, 27(22), pp.3487- 3498. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047
Nawangsari, A.V., Mustari, A.H. & Masyud, B., 2016. Pengelolaan pasca pelepasliaran dan aktivitas orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Groves, 2001) ex-captive Suaka Margasatwa Lamandau. Media Konservasi, (21)1, pp.36- 41. doi: 10.29244/medkon.21.1.36-41
Nayasilana, I.N. et al., 2017. Behavioral ecology of reintroduced orang-utan in the Bukit Batikap, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(3), pp.875-886. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d180303
Riedler, B., Millesi, E. & Pratje P.H., 2010. Adaptation to forest life during the reintroduction process of immature Pongo abelii. International Journal of Primatology, 31, pp.647–663. doi: 10.1007/s10764-010-9418-2
Rijksen, H.D. & Meijaard, E., 1999. Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang-Utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishing. Wageningen, Netherlands.
Roos, C. et al., 2014. An update taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates. Asia Primate Journal, 4(1), pp.1-38.
Russon, A.E., 2002. Return of the native: cognition and site-specific expertise in orang-utan rehabilitation. International Journal of Primatology, 23(3), pp. 461- 478. doi: 10.1023/A:1014909431148
Russon, A.E., 2006. Acquisition of complex foraging skills in juvenile and adolescent orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus): developmental influences. Aquatic Mammals, 32, pp.500–510. doi: 10.1578/AM.32.4.2006.500
Russon, A.E., Kuncoro, P. & Ferisa, A., 2015. Orang-utan behavior in Kutai Nationa Park after drought and fire damage: Adjusment to short and long-term natural forest regeneration. American Journal of Primatology, 77, pp.1276-1289. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22480
Saputra, F. et al., 2017. Monthly range of adolescent orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) based on fruit availability in Tuanan Orang-utan Research Station , Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18 (4), pp. 1445-1452. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d180420
Siregar, J.P, Mardiastuti, A. & Siregar, E.R.S., 2018. Pola aktivitas orang-utan sumatera ex-captive pasca dilepasliarkan di Pusat Reintroduksi Orang-utan Sumatera Jambi. Media Konservasi, (23)1, pp. 99-106.
Schuppli, C. et al., 2016. Observational sosial learning and socially induced practice of routines skills in immature wild orang-utans. Animal Behavior, 119 (2016), pp.87-98. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.014
Utami-Atmoko, S.S. et al., 2016. The Orang-utan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment 2017. Bogor (ID): The Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia
van Noordwijk, M.A., et al., 2012. Female philopatry and its social benefits among Bornean orang-utans. Behave Ecology and Sociobiology, 66, pp.823-834. doi: 10.1007/s00265-012-1330-7
Warren, K.S. et al., 2001. Speciation and intrasubspesific variation of bornean orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18(4), pp.472-480 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003826
Wartmann, F.M., Purves, R.S. & van Schaik, C.P., 2010. Modelling ranging behavior of female orang-utans : a case study in Tuanan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Primates, 51, pp.119-130. doi: 10.1007/s10329-009-0186-6
Wich, S.A. et al., 2012. Understanding the impacts of land-use policies on a threatened species: is there a future for the Bornean Orang-utan? PLoS ONE, 7(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049142
Zweifel, N., 2009. Orang-utan Reintroduction Project Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park: Evaluation and Preliminarz Analysis of Available Data and Monitoring Procedure. Universitat Zurich-Zoologische Sellschaft Frangfrut. Report.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.70001
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 675
| 
views : 624
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Editoral address:
Faculty of Biology, UGM
Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
ISSN: 2540-9581 (online)