Reimagining Goethe in the ELT Classroom: Divine Femininity and Islamic Traces in Faust and West-östlicher Divan

https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.109181

Dewi Candraningrum(1*), Titis Setyabudi(2), Kania Bening Rahmayna(3)

(1) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
(2) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
(3) Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study explores the intersections of divine femininity and Islamic mysticism in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust and West-östlicher Divan [West–Eastern Divan], positioning these canonical works as fertile ground for intercultural literary inquiry and postcolonial English Language Teaching (ELT). Employing hermeneutic, intertextual, and comparative literary methods, this research uncovers Goethe’s engagement with Sufi metaphysics, the Qur’an, and Persian poetic traditions—particularly his intertextual dialogue with Hafiz and the implicit spiritual kinship with Islamic thinkers such as Rabiah al-Adawiyah and Muhammad Iqbal. Central to this inquiry is Goethe’s concept of the Ewig-Weibliche [Eternal Feminine], which, when read through Islamic mystical lenses, reveals a syncretic spiritual vision that transcends Orientalist binaries and patriarchal norms. The paper argues that integrating these texts into ELT pedagogy encourages both aesthetic appreciation and critical intercultural understanding—especially within postcolonial, Muslim-majority contexts like Indonesia. By reinterpreting canonical Western literature through Islamic and gender-inclusive frameworks, this study contributes to both Goethean scholarship and transformative, decolonial approaches to literary pedagogy.


Keywords


Fiction, Goethe; Islamic mysticism; divine femininity; ELT; decolonial pedagogy.

Full Text:

PDF


References

Abu-Nimer, M., & Smith, R. (2016). Interreligious and intercultural education for dialogue, peace, and ocial cohesion. International Review of Education, 62(4), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-016-9576-x
Adelkhah, F. (2020). Being modern in Iran. Oxford University Press.

Ahmed-Ghosh, H. (2005). Contested spaces: Religion and gender in postcolonial India. SUNY Press.

Alam, M. (2011). The languages of political Islam: India, 1200–1800. University of Chicago Press.Al-Issa, A., & Dahan, L. S. (2011). Global English and Arab learners: Issues of culture and identity. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 19(1), 7–20.

Alavi, S. M., & Mansoor, H. (2018). Using Sufi literature to teach English in the EFL classroom: Ethical and intercultural dimensions. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 7(4), 113–119.
https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.4p.113.

Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (1989). The empire writes back: Theory and practice in post-colonial literatures. Routledge.

Einboden, J. (2005). Goethe’s West-Östlicher Divan and kerygmatic Christianity. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 73(3), 639-664.

Barlas, A. (2002). “Believing Women” in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur’an. University of Texas Press.

Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture. Routledge.

Bowering, G. (2013). Islamic political thought: An introduction. Princeton University Press.

Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.

Canagarajah, A. S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.

Canagarajah, S. (2005). Critical academic writing and multilingual students. University of Michigan Press.

Conrad, K. O. (1999). Goethe: Leben und Werk. C. H. Beck

Damrosch, D. (2012). What is world literature?Princeton University Press.

Damshäuser, B., & Sarjono, A. R. (Eds.). (2007). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Satu dan segalanya. Horison.

de Faramiñán Fernández-Fígares, J. M. (2022). Love, beauty and the “eternal feminine” in Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe through.

Dervin, F. (2016). Interculturality in education: A theoretical and methodological toolbox. Palgrave Macmillan.

Ernst, C. W. (2016). Sufism: An introduction to the mystical tradition of Islam. Shambhala.

Fuchs, O. (2017). Poetry as a deep emotional experience… Goethe’s Divan. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 5(6), 172–178. https://www.sciencepg.com/journal/articleabstract? journalid=213&doi=10.11648/j.ijll.20170506.18“.

Goethe and the Qur’an – A New Divan.” (2020, June 9). NewDivan.org.uk. https://newdivan.org.uk/blog/goethe-and-the-quran/

Goethe, J. W. von. (1819). West-östlicher Divan.

Goethe, J. W. von. (1952). Faust (Priest, Trans.). Encyclopædia Britannica.

Goethe, J. W. von. (1999). Faust (Wispi, Trans.). Goethe-Institut.

Gutas, D. (2015). Greek thought, Arabic culture: The Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ‘Abbāsid society. Routledge.

Hall, G. (2005). Literature in language education. Palgrave Macmillan.

Hikmat, Mauly Halwat, and Nur Hidayat. 2025. “Teachers’ Creative Self-Efficacy, Challenges, and Strategies in Enhancing Students’ Engagement at Vocational Schools.” The International Journal of Learning in Higher Education 33 (1): 121-147. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-7955/CGP/v33i01/121-147.

Homayounpour, M. (2020). Sufism, Goethe, and the psychoanalytic metaphor: A study in mystical poetics. International Journal of Persian Literature, 5(2), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.5325/intejperslite.5.2.0089.

Iqbal, M. (1992). Stray reflections: A note-book of Allama Iqbal. Iqbal Academy.

Iqbal, M. (1930/2013). The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1930).

Karić, E. (2019). Forum Goethe, His Era, and Islam. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 36(1).

Kayaoglu, M. N. (2014). Intercultural literature teaching through Goethe’s West-östlicher Divan: Challenges and pedagogical suggestions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.293.

Kaiser, G. (2020). Goethe und der Islam [Goethe and Islam]. Munich: C. H. Beck.

Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press.

Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching. Yale University Press.

Kumaravadivelu, B. (2012). Language teachereducation for a global society: A modular model for knowing, analyzing, recognizing, doing, and seeing. Routledge.

Kurnianingsih, Marisa, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Kelik Wardiono, & Absori Absori. 2021. “Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Digital Age in the Victimology Perspective”. Jurnal Jurisprudence Vol: 11 No: 2: 205-220. https://doi.org/10.23917/jurisprudence.v11i2.16030.

Lagutina, I. N. (2019). Goethe’s Divan: An attempt of interpretation. Dostoevsky and World Culture, (1), 189–217.

Latif, S. A. (2020). Goethe’s Embrace of Islam. Medium. https://medium.com/@SaidAbdulLatif/goethes-embrace-of-islam-7421196b1d88.

Lazar, G. (2008). Literature and language teaching: A guide for teachers and trainers. Cambridge University Press.

Lukács, G. (1968). Goethe and his age. Merlin Press.Majid, Siti Alfiati Majid, Siti Ansoriyah, & Edi.

Puryanto. 2023. “Pengembangan Materi Ajar Teks Cerita Pendek Berbasis Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter dengan Menggunakan Media CANVA pada Siswa Kelas XI SMK”. Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra Vol 8, No 2: 180-203. https://doi.org/10.23917/kls.v8i2.21859.

Majeed, J. (2009). Muhammad Iqbal: Islam, Aesthetics and Postcolonialism.

Routledge.Mehdizadeh, H. (2014). Mystical motifs in Goethe’s Westöstlicher Divan [PhD dissertation, McGill University]. McGill University Library.

Michaeli, M. (2019). Goethe and Hafez: Poetry, Dialogue, and the Question of World Literature. De Gruyter

Mignolo, W. D., & Walsh, C. E. (2018). On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis. Duke University Press.

Mommsen, K. (2001). Goethe und der Islam. Insel Verlag.

Muamaroh, M., & Thoyibi, M. 2025. Teacher Self-Efficacy and Efforts for Enhancing Student Engagement at Tertiary Education. Educational Process: International Journal, 17, e2025296. https://doi.org/10.22521/
edupij.2025.17.296.

Nasr, S. H. (2007). The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam’s Mystical Tradition. HarperOne.

Norman, J. (2016). Reflection: Eternity in early German Romanticism. In Y. Bar-Anan (Ed.), Eternity: A History (pp. 226–230). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198738 823.003.0015.

Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press

Prasetyarini, Aryati, Nur Hidayat, Mauly Halwat Hikmat, and Suharyanto Suharyanto. 2025. “Promoting a Positive School Climate Through Religious and Ethnic Diversity: A Qualitative Study in Indonesian Secondary Schools.” The International Journal of Diversity in Education 25 (2): 103-123. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0020/CGP/v25i02/103-123.

Rahman, A. (2023). Goethe: Jembatan sastra Islam dan sastra Barat [Goethe: A bridge between Islamic and Western literature]. Majalah Karas. https://majalahkaras.kemdikbud.go.id/blog/2023/01/12/goethe-jembatansastra-islam-dan-sastra-barat/.

Safi, O. (2013). Radical love: Teachings from the Islamic mystical tradition. Yale University Press.

Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.

Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and imperialism. Knopf.

Said, M. A. (2020). The Qur’an and literature: Intertextuality in Muslim-majority EFL classrooms. English Language Teaching Journal, 74(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz056.

Sajjadi, S. M., & Mahdavi, T. (2018). Aesthetic and love in Hāfiz and Goethe’s poetry in order to comparative study. Academic Journals.

Salami, I. (2009). Influence of Hafiz on Western poetry. SARJANA, 24(2). https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/SARJANA/article/view/3677.

Saatcı, E. N. (2023, July 1). Islam in Goethe’s works. Hernefes. https://www.hernefes.com/islamin-goethes-works.

Samel, P. (2012). Goethe and Hāfiz: Poetry and History in the West-östlicher Divan. Peter Lang. Schimmel, A. (1992). A two-colored brocade: The imagery of Persian poetry. University of North Carolina Press.

Schimmel, A. (1975). Mystical Dimensions of Islam. University of North Carolina Press.

Seiling, M. (1988). Goethe als Esoteriker. Luchterhand.

Shaikh, S. (2008). Sufi narratives of intimacy: Ibn ‘Arabi, gender, and sexual difference. University of orth Carolina Press.

Shamel, S. (2013). Goethe and Hafiz: Poetry and history in the West-östlicher Divan. Peter Lang.

Smith, M. (2010). Rābi‘a the Mystic and Her FellowSaints in Islam. Cambridge University Press.
(Original work published 1928).

Spivak, G. C. (1993). Outside in the teaching machine. Routledge.

Stamm, M. (2014). “‘Twofold and Yet One’: constellating creativity between Goethe and Hāfiz.” La Trobe Journal, 91, 52-66.

Tüfekçi, A. (2020, November 11). How Goethe admired the Orient, embraced Islam. Daily Sabah. https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/culture/how-goethe-admired-the-orientembraced-islam/news.

UNESCO. (2015). Global citizenship education: Topics and learning objectives. UNESCO Publishing.

van der Laan, J. M. (2007). Goethe, gender, and the eternal feminine: Seeking balance. Goethe Yearbook, 14, 143–166.

van der Laan, J. M. (2012). The enigmatic EternalFeminine. In Goethe’s Faust and cultural memory
(pp. 37–52). Camden House.

Wadud, A. (1999). Qur’an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective
(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Wikipedia contributors. (2024). West–östlicher Divan. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%E2%80%93%C3%B6stlicher_Divan.

Wilpert, G. von. (1998). Goethe-Lexicon. Kröner.

Yomb, M. (2013). Goethe, Islam, and the Orient. In Encounters with Islam in German literature (pp. 55–78). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Zec, P. (2019, August 2). 200 years of the WestEastern Divan – Goethe’s poetic bridge between Cultures. Deutschlandfunk Kultur. https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/200-jahre-west-oestlicher-divangoethes-dichterischer-100.html.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.109181

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 626 | views : 229

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Candraningrum; Titis Setyabudi; Kania Bening Rahmayna

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Kawistara is published by the Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada.