Kontestasi Nilai-Nilai Asia dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia Tahun 1991-1999

Mahesti Hasanah

doi:10.22146/polgov.v1i2.60198

Kontestasi Nilai-Nilai Asia dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia Tahun 1991-1999

https://doi.org/10.22146/polgov.v1i2.60198

Mahesti Hasanah^(1*)

(1) Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Tulisan ini mendiskusikan tentang kontestasi nilai-nilai Asia dan penegakan norma HAM di Indonesia tahun 1991-1999 pada masa akhir pemerintahan Soeharto dan awal pasca Reformasi. Saat itu, para pemimpin ASEAN termasuk Indonesia, gencar menggaungkan nilai-nilai Asia. Nilai Asia pada masa Soeharto mengedepankan gotong-royong dan mendiskreditkan hak individu; serta membatasi kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi melalui program Pancasila (P4). Penelitian ini menunjukkan keterkaitan bagaimana rezim otoritarian menggunakan nilai-nilai Asia dan norma HAM untuk tujuan politik. Hak sipil dan politik menjadi dasar norma HAM yang didengungkan masyarakat sipil dan dunia internasional untuk menekan pemerintah Indonesia. Perkembangan HAM tidak bisa dipisahkan dari wacana demokrasi. Hal ini dikarenakan norma demokrasi merupakan bagian integral dari realisasi HAM. Dengan menggunakan kerangka teoretis pilihan rasional, artikel ini berargumen bahwa pemimpin Indonesia menggunakan nilai-nilai Asia dan norma HAM sebagai instrumen dan tujuan politik. Tujuan artikel ini untuk menginvestigasi karakter otoritas pemerintah Orde Baru menggunakan nilai-nilai Asia dan norma HAM sebagai instrumen politik. Dari sisi metodologi, penelitian ini melihat kembali kajian literatur yang berargumen jika norma bersifat konstruktivis dan mampu membentuk identitas dan memengaruhi perilaku aktor. Berbeda dengan studi yang ada, pendekatan rasional dalam tulisan ini memberikan alternatif lain untuk melihat pemaknaan norma dalam perkembangan HAM di Indonesia.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Acharya, A. (2005). Do Norms and Identity Matter? Community and Power in Southeast Asia’s Regional Order. The Pacific Review, Volume 18 (1), 95–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740500047199.

Asplund, K. (2009). Resistance to Human Rights in Indonesia: Asian Values and Beyond. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, Volume 10 (1), 27–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/138819009X12589762582538.

Avonius, Leena. (2008). From Marsinah to Munir: Grounding Human Rights in Indonesia. In Avonius, Leena., and Kingsburry, Damien (Editor). 2008. Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bangkok Post Economic Review Year-End. (2006). http://bangkokpot.net/ yearend2006/page10.html. Diakses pada 15 Mei 2007.

Chan, Joseph. (2000). Thick and Thin Accounts of Human Rights: Lessons from the Asian Values Debate. Dalam Jacobsen, M., and Bruun, Ole. Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia. London: Curzon and Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (58–73).

Chong, T. (2002). Asian Values and Confucian Ethics: Malay Singaporeans’ Dilemma. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 32(3), 394–406.

Dahl, Robert A. (1989). Democracy and its Critics, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Damanhuri, Hudjolly., & Reza Mauldy Raharja. (2019). The Transformation of Character Ideology of Pancasila Through Education. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 274–278. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cb29/08d7b71d47af4294 e4088d06e2fc3311e180.pdf. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Davies, Mathew. (2013). ASEAN and Human Rights Norms: Constructivism, Rational Choice, and the Action-Identity Gap. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. Vol. 13, 2013, 207–231. https://academic.oup.com/irap/article-abstract/13/2/207/8374 31. DOI:10.1093/irap/lct002. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Deyo, Frederic. (1989). Beneath the Miracle: Labour Subordination in the New Asian Industrialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Eldridge, Philip. “Human Rights in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 9, No. 1 (2002): 127–139.

Freeman, Michael. (1996). Human Rights, Democracy, and Asian Values. The Pacific Review, Vol 9 No. 3, 352-366. Published online on April 3rd, 2007. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512749608719191. DOI: 10.1080/09512749608719191. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Ford, Michelle. (2003). NGO as Outside Intellectual: A History of Non-Governmental Organisations’ Role in the Indonesian Labour Movement. E-publication of PhD thesis at the University of Wollongong. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/150/. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Freeman, Michael. (2000). Universal Rights and Particular Culture. Dalam Jacobsen, M., and Bruun, Ole. Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia. London: Curzon and Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (43–57).

Ghai, Yash. (1995). Asian Perspectives on Human Rights. Dalam James T.H. Tang (ed.) Human Rights and International Relations in the Asia-Pacific Region, London: Pinter, 54–67.

Ginbar, Yuval. (2010). Human Rights in ASEAN: Setting Sail or Treading Water? Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 10 No. 3, 2010, 504-518. https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/ article-abstract/10/3/504/637270. DOI:10.1093/hrlr/ngq024. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Honna, Jun. (2005). Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia. London, New York: Routledge.

Hsien-Li, Tan. (2011). The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Institutionalising Human Rights in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, D.M. and M.L.R. Smith (2007). Constructing Communities: the curious case of East Asian Regionalism. Review of International Studies, Volume 33(1), 165–186.

Katsumata, H. (2009). ASEAN and Human Rights: Resisting Western Pressure or Emulating the West? The Pacific Review, 22(5), 619–637. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/09512740903329731. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Kingsbury, Damien., Eric Loo, and Patricia Payne (eds.). (2000). Foreign Devils and Other Journalists. Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Institute.

Kraft, Joseph. S. (2001). Human Rights, ASEAN, and Constructivism: Revisiting the “Asian Values” Discourse. Philippine Political Science Journal, Volume 22: 45, 33–54, DOI: 10.1080/01154451.2001.9754224.

Koskinen. Päivi. (2018). Asian Values, Gender, and Culture-Specific Development. In Avonius, Leena., and Kingsburry, Damien (Editor). 2008. Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kydd, A.H. (2008). Methodological Individualism and Rational Choice. Dalam Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal (eds). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Leigh, Barbara. (1991). Making the Indonesian State: The Role of School Texts. RIMA, Volume 25, No. 1, 1991: 17–43.

Leong, Laurance Wai-Teng. (2008). From Asian Values to Singapore Exceptionalism. Dalam Avonius, Leena., and Kingsburry, Damien (Editor). 2008. Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mahathir, Mohamad (1995). Let's Have Mutual Cultural Enrichment. New Straits Times 16 March, 10–11.

Mauzy, Diane K. (1997). The Human Rights and “Asian values” Debate in Southeast Asia: Trying to Clarify the Key Issues. The Pacific Review, Volume 10 (2), 210–236, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749708719218.

Mollet, Julius Ary (2018), Corruption and Asian Value’s in Indonesia: The Case of the Suharto Family Business. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2, 314 –325. DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.01.02.22.

Nurhadi. (2019). Kronologi Insiden Asrama Mahasiswa Papua Surabaya Menurut Polisi. Nasional Tempo.co. 20 Agustus 2019. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1238416/ kronologi-insiden-asrama-mahasiswa-papua-surabaya-menurut-polisi/full&view =ok. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Parker, Lynette. (1992). The Creation of Indonesian Citizens in Balinese Primary Schools. RIMA. Volume 26, No. 1, 1992: 42–70.

Ravindran, D. J. (1998). Human Rights Praxis: A Resource Book for Study, Action, and Reflection. Bangkok: Union for Civil Liberty.

Schimmelfennig, F. (2000). International Socialization in the New Europe: Rational Action in an Institutional Environment. European Journal of International Relations, Volume 6 (1), 109–140.

Sen, Amartya. (1996). Our Culture, Their Culture. The New Republic, April 1, 1996.

Setiawan, R. (2019). Isi Pasal Bermasalah UU KPK No.19/2019 yang Sudah Berlaku. Tirto.id, 21 Oktober 2019. https://tirto.id/isi-pasal-bermasalah-uu-kpk-no192019-yang-sudah-berlaku-ej8o. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Tempo. (1993). Mereka Membela Diri: Menurut Tim Pencari Fakta dari Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH) Bandung, Pengikut Haur Koneng Bukan Penganut Aliran Sesat, Berbeda dengan Laporan Selama Ini? Majalah.Tempo.com, Edisi 9 Oktober 1993. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/nasional/2962/mereka-membela-diri. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Thabchumpon, Naruemon. (2008). Human Rights in Thailand: Rhetoric of Substance on “Asian values”. In Avonius, Leena., and Kingsburry, Damien (Editor). 2008. Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

The Economist. (1998). Asian Values Revisited: What Would Confucius Say Now? Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Thomas, D.C. (2001). The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Thompson, Mark R. (2004) Pacific Asia after “Asian Values”: Authoritarianism, Democracy, and ”Good Governance”, Third World Quarterly, 25: 6, 1079–1095, DOI: 10.1080/0143659042000256904.

Ulum, M.B., dan Hamida N.A. (2018). Revisiting Liberal Democracy and Asian Values in Contemporary Indonesia. Constitutional Review, Vol. 4 No. 1, May 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev415.

VICKERS, A., & FISHER, L. (1999). Asian Values in Indonesia? National and Regional Identities. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Volume 14 (2), 382–401. www.jstor.org/stable/41057002. Diakses pada 1 Juni 2019.

Wendt, A. (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, Volume 88 (2), 384–396.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/polgov.v1i2.60198