Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ludwigia Species: Potential Applications in Acne Treatment
Keywords:
antibacterial, antioxidant, Ludwigia, acne
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a current issue of concern due to its negative impact on the patient's life. Therefore, discovery of new safer treatment with fewer side effects based on natural materials is urgent. Current efforts focus on the exploration of natural medicinal sources to identify bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The genus Ludwigia, belonging to the family Onagraceae has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of hormonal imbalances. However, the investigation on its bioactivities, phytochemistry and pharmaceutical applications remains limited, especially in Vietnam. In this study, five ethanol extracts (L. octovalvis, L. adscendens, L. hyssopifolia, L. prostrata and L. peruviana) were screened for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the ethanol extract of L. octovalvis (LOE) exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy against all three tested strains with MIC values of 450 μg/mL, 550 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL, respectively. This extract also showed high antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 18.98 ± 0.09 μg/mL, as determined by the DPPH assay. A preliminary phytochemical study on the bioactive ethanol extract of L. octovalvis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, glycosides, carotenoids, fixed oil, amino acids and proteins. The quantitative phytochemical analysis displayed a total phenolic content (TPC) of 305.94 ± 1.46 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) 51.42 ± 0.27 mg QE/g. Our report considers the first to investigate the in vitro anti-acne and potential application of L. octovalvis in producing natural skin care products with antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities.
References
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Calonico, K., & De La Rosa-Millan, J. (2023). Digestion-Related Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants (Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Crotalaria longirostrata). Foods, 12(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193529
Chomnawang, M. T., Surassmo, S., Nukoolkarn, V. S., & Gritsanapan, W. (2005). Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1–3), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.038
Claudel, J.-P., Auffret, N., Leccia, M.-T., Poli, F., Corvec, S., & Dréno, B. (2019). Staphylococcus epidermidis: A Potential New Player in the Physiopathology of Acne? Dermatology, 235(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499858
Das, B., Kundu, J., Bachar, S. C., Uddin, M. A., & Kundu, J. K. (2007). Antitumor and antibacterial activity of ethylacetate extract of Ludwigia hyssopifolia linn and its active principle piperine. Pak J Pharm Sci, 20(2), 128-131.
Dréno, B., Dagnelie, M. A., Khammari, A., & Corvec, S. (2020). The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 21(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00531-1
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Elhaj, M. K., Yagi, S. M., Qahtan, A. A., Alshameri, A., Hodhod, M., Almunqedhi, B., Kordofani, M., Ali, A. M. A., & Gaafar, A.-R. Z. (2021). Screening of phytochemicals and bioactivities of different parts of Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 35(1), 283–289.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1875875
Eliza, E., Khaira, F. J., Julinar, J., Yohandini, H., & Ferlinahayati, F. (2023). Antibacterial activity of Ludwigia octovalvis. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2913(1), 060016. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175702
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Hanphanphoom, S., & Krajangsang, S. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Chromolaena odorata Extracts against Bacterial Human Skin Infections. Modern Applied Science, 10(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n2p159
Hartanti, D., Chatsumpun, N., Sa-ngiamsuntorn, K., Supharattanasitthi, W., Kitphati, W., & Peungvicha, P. (2023). The Pharmacognostic Standards, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Hepatic Safety Profile of An Indonesian Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3243
Inoue, K., Murayama, S., Seshimo, F., Takeba, K., Yoshimura, Y., & Nakazawa, H. (2005). Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85, 872–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1952
Jagessar, R. C. (2017). Phytochemical screening and chromatographic profile of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Passiflora edulis and Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1714–1721.
Johan Sukweenadhi, Oeke Yunita, Finna Setiawan, Kartini, Maya Theresa Siagian, Nggreyni Pratiwi Danduru, & Christina Avanti. (2020). Antioxidant activity screening of seven Indonesian herbal extract. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210532
Kadum Yakob, H., Manaf Uyub, Abd., & Fariza Sulaiman, S. (2012). Toxicological evaluation of 80% methanol extract of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven leaves (Onagraceae) in BALB/c mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 142(3), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.035
Koch, W., Zagórska, J., Michalak-Tomczyk, M., Karav, S., & Wawruszak, A. (2024). Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 29(17), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174234
Lim, H.-J., Kang, S.-H., Song, Y.-J., Jeon, Y.-D., & Jin, J.-S. (2021). Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced Skin Inflammation. International Immunopharmacology, 96, 107557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107557
Martelli, G., & Giacomini, D. (2018). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities for natural and synthetic dual-active compounds. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 158, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.009
Mehmood, A., Javid, S., Khan, M. F., Ahmad, K. S., & Mustafa, A. (2022). In vitro total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants using different solvent systems. BMC Chemistry, 16(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-022-00858-2
Muddathir, A. M., & Mitsunaga, T. (2013). Evaluation of anti-acne activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. Journal of Wood Science, 59(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-012-1303-5
Nanda, U., Barik, B. B., & Sahoo, S. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of Ludwigia octovalvis (JACQ) Raven against selected human dermatological pathogens. Indian Drugs, 45, 659–662.
Nguyen, T. T. T., Huynh, T. T. T., Pham, T. T., Pham, H. D., & Nguyen, M. C. (2020). Investigation of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and chemical constituents of Ludwigia hyssopifolia. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 58(6A), 35–40.
Nurmazela, V., Ridwanto, R., & Rani, Z. (2022). Antioxidant Activity Test of Barangan Banana Hump’s Ethanol Extract (Musa Paradisiaca (L.)) with DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) Method. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i5.610
Ouamnina, A., Alahyane, A., Elateri, I., Boutasknit, A., & Abderrazik, M. (2024). Relationship between Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Some Moroccan Date Palm Fruit Varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A Two-Year Study. Plants, 13(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081119
Pandey, A., & Tripathi, S. (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(5), 115–119.
Pandey, S., Sahu, A. N., & Nandi, M. K. (2021, January 1). Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and HPTLC Study of Indian Medicinal Plant Ludwigia octovalvis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 09752366. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.759
Proença, A. C., Luís, Â., & Duarte, A. P. (2022). The Role of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022(1), 2011945. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2011945
Pukumpuang, W. (2012). Total phenolic contents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some Thai medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(36). https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.655
Rafińska, K., Pomastowski, P., Rudnicka, J., Krakowska, A., Maruśka, A., Narkute, M., & Buszewski, B. (2019). Effect of solvent and extraction technique on composition and biological activity of Lepidium sativum extracts. Food Chemistry, 289, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.025
Saric, S., Notay, M., & Sivamani, R. K. (2017). Green Tea and Other Tea Polyphenols: Effects on Sebum Production and Acne Vulgaris. Antioxidants, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010002
Shawky, E. M., Elgindi, M. R., Ibrahim, H. A., & Baky, M. H. (2021). The potential and outgoing trends in traditional, phytochemical, economical, and ethnopharmacological importance of family Onagraceae: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 281, 114450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114450
Silva, G. O., Abeysundara, A. T., & Aponso, M. M. W. (2017). Extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative techniques for screening of phytochemicals from plants. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 5(2), 29-32.
Singh, V., & Kumar, R. (2017). Study of Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Allium sativum of Bundelkhand Region. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 3, 1451–1458. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.4
Smida, I., Sweidan, A., Souissi, Y., Rouaud, I., Sauvager, A., Torre, F., Calvert, V., Petit, J. L., & Tomasi, S. (2018). Anti-Acne, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Ludwigia peploides Leaf Extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 10(7), 271-278.
Teffo, T. K., Dukhan, S., Ramalepe, P., & Risenga, I. (2024). Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of the Methanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of South African Bulbine frutescens. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.6025
Teo, B. S. X., Gan, R. Y., Abdul Aziz, S., Sirirak, T., Mohd Asmani, M. F., & Yusuf, E. (2021). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Eucheuma cottonii extract and its in vivo evaluation of the wound‐healing activity in mice. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(3), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13624
Tran, T. M. D., Nguyen, T. T., & Tran, T. T. H., (2022). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Tropical Plant Extracts Against Fish Pathogens in Vietnam. Asian Fisheries Science, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2022.35.2.006
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., & Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1, 98–106.
Tyagi Phd, T. (2017). Phytochemical Screening of Active Metabolites present in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pistia stratiotes (L.): Role in Ethanomedicine. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 6(4), 40-56.
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Aryal, S., Baniya, M. K., Danekhu, K., Kunwar, P., Gurung, R., & Koirala, N. (2019). Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants, 8(4), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040096
Audu, S. A., Mohammed, I., & Kaita, H. A. (2007). Phytochemical screening of the leaves of Lophira lanceolata (Ochanaceae). Life Science Journal, 4(4), 75-79.
Barman, A. K., Kha, A., Sarkar, K. K., Dev, S. D., Das, A. K., & Biswas, N. N. (2018). Antioxidant, antibacterial and toxicity studies of aerial parts of Ludwigia adscendens L. Khulna University Studies, 23–36. https://doi.org/10.53808/KUS.2018.15.1and2.1805-L
Bhuiyan, M. A., Shomudro, H. K., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2023). In-vitro Pharmacological Investigation of Ludwigia adscendens. Asian Plant Research Journal, 11(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2023/v11i6229
Bondet, V., Brand-Williams, W., & Berset, C. (1997). Kinetics and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity using the DPPH.Free Radical Method. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 30(6), 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1997.0240
Calonico, K., & De La Rosa-Millan, J. (2023). Digestion-Related Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants (Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Crotalaria longirostrata). Foods, 12(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193529
Chomnawang, M. T., Surassmo, S., Nukoolkarn, V. S., & Gritsanapan, W. (2005). Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1–3), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.038
Claudel, J.-P., Auffret, N., Leccia, M.-T., Poli, F., Corvec, S., & Dréno, B. (2019). Staphylococcus epidermidis: A Potential New Player in the Physiopathology of Acne? Dermatology, 235(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499858
Das, B., Kundu, J., Bachar, S. C., Uddin, M. A., & Kundu, J. K. (2007). Antitumor and antibacterial activity of ethylacetate extract of Ludwigia hyssopifolia linn and its active principle piperine. Pak J Pharm Sci, 20(2), 128-131.
Dréno, B., Dagnelie, M. A., Khammari, A., & Corvec, S. (2020). The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 21(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00531-1
Eichenfield, D. Z., Sprague, J., & Eichenfield, L. F. (2021). Management of Acne Vulgaris: A Review. Jama, 326(20), 2055–2067. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17633
Elhaj, M. K., Yagi, S. M., Qahtan, A. A., Alshameri, A., Hodhod, M., Almunqedhi, B., Kordofani, M., Ali, A. M. A., & Gaafar, A.-R. Z. (2021). Screening of phytochemicals and bioactivities of different parts of Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 35(1), 283–289.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1875875
Eliza, E., Khaira, F. J., Julinar, J., Yohandini, H., & Ferlinahayati, F. (2023). Antibacterial activity of Ludwigia octovalvis. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2913(1), 060016. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175702
Gul, R., Jan, S. U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S., & Jahan, N. (2017). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan. The Scientific World Journal, 2017(1), 5873648. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5873648
Hanphanphoom, S., & Krajangsang, S. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Chromolaena odorata Extracts against Bacterial Human Skin Infections. Modern Applied Science, 10(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n2p159
Hartanti, D., Chatsumpun, N., Sa-ngiamsuntorn, K., Supharattanasitthi, W., Kitphati, W., & Peungvicha, P. (2023). The Pharmacognostic Standards, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Hepatic Safety Profile of An Indonesian Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.3243
Inoue, K., Murayama, S., Seshimo, F., Takeba, K., Yoshimura, Y., & Nakazawa, H. (2005). Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85, 872–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1952
Jagessar, R. C. (2017). Phytochemical screening and chromatographic profile of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Passiflora edulis and Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1714–1721.
Johan Sukweenadhi, Oeke Yunita, Finna Setiawan, Kartini, Maya Theresa Siagian, Nggreyni Pratiwi Danduru, & Christina Avanti. (2020). Antioxidant activity screening of seven Indonesian herbal extract. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210532
Kadum Yakob, H., Manaf Uyub, Abd., & Fariza Sulaiman, S. (2012). Toxicological evaluation of 80% methanol extract of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven leaves (Onagraceae) in BALB/c mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 142(3), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.035
Koch, W., Zagórska, J., Michalak-Tomczyk, M., Karav, S., & Wawruszak, A. (2024). Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 29(17), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174234
Lim, H.-J., Kang, S.-H., Song, Y.-J., Jeon, Y.-D., & Jin, J.-S. (2021). Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced Skin Inflammation. International Immunopharmacology, 96, 107557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107557
Martelli, G., & Giacomini, D. (2018). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities for natural and synthetic dual-active compounds. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 158, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.009
Mehmood, A., Javid, S., Khan, M. F., Ahmad, K. S., & Mustafa, A. (2022). In vitro total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants using different solvent systems. BMC Chemistry, 16(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-022-00858-2
Muddathir, A. M., & Mitsunaga, T. (2013). Evaluation of anti-acne activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. Journal of Wood Science, 59(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-012-1303-5
Nanda, U., Barik, B. B., & Sahoo, S. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of Ludwigia octovalvis (JACQ) Raven against selected human dermatological pathogens. Indian Drugs, 45, 659–662.
Nguyen, T. T. T., Huynh, T. T. T., Pham, T. T., Pham, H. D., & Nguyen, M. C. (2020). Investigation of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and chemical constituents of Ludwigia hyssopifolia. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 58(6A), 35–40.
Nurmazela, V., Ridwanto, R., & Rani, Z. (2022). Antioxidant Activity Test of Barangan Banana Hump’s Ethanol Extract (Musa Paradisiaca (L.)) with DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) Method. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i5.610
Ouamnina, A., Alahyane, A., Elateri, I., Boutasknit, A., & Abderrazik, M. (2024). Relationship between Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Some Moroccan Date Palm Fruit Varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A Two-Year Study. Plants, 13(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081119
Pandey, A., & Tripathi, S. (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(5), 115–119.
Pandey, S., Sahu, A. N., & Nandi, M. K. (2021, January 1). Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and HPTLC Study of Indian Medicinal Plant Ludwigia octovalvis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 09752366. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.759
Proença, A. C., Luís, Â., & Duarte, A. P. (2022). The Role of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022(1), 2011945. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2011945
Pukumpuang, W. (2012). Total phenolic contents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some Thai medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(36). https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.655
Rafińska, K., Pomastowski, P., Rudnicka, J., Krakowska, A., Maruśka, A., Narkute, M., & Buszewski, B. (2019). Effect of solvent and extraction technique on composition and biological activity of Lepidium sativum extracts. Food Chemistry, 289, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.025
Saric, S., Notay, M., & Sivamani, R. K. (2017). Green Tea and Other Tea Polyphenols: Effects on Sebum Production and Acne Vulgaris. Antioxidants, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010002
Shawky, E. M., Elgindi, M. R., Ibrahim, H. A., & Baky, M. H. (2021). The potential and outgoing trends in traditional, phytochemical, economical, and ethnopharmacological importance of family Onagraceae: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 281, 114450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114450
Silva, G. O., Abeysundara, A. T., & Aponso, M. M. W. (2017). Extraction methods, qualitative and quantitative techniques for screening of phytochemicals from plants. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 5(2), 29-32.
Singh, V., & Kumar, R. (2017). Study of Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Allium sativum of Bundelkhand Region. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 3, 1451–1458. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.6.4
Smida, I., Sweidan, A., Souissi, Y., Rouaud, I., Sauvager, A., Torre, F., Calvert, V., Petit, J. L., & Tomasi, S. (2018). Anti-Acne, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Ludwigia peploides Leaf Extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 10(7), 271-278.
Teffo, T. K., Dukhan, S., Ramalepe, P., & Risenga, I. (2024). Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of the Methanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of South African Bulbine frutescens. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.6025
Teo, B. S. X., Gan, R. Y., Abdul Aziz, S., Sirirak, T., Mohd Asmani, M. F., & Yusuf, E. (2021). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Eucheuma cottonii extract and its in vivo evaluation of the wound‐healing activity in mice. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(3), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13624
Tran, T. M. D., Nguyen, T. T., & Tran, T. T. H., (2022). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Tropical Plant Extracts Against Fish Pathogens in Vietnam. Asian Fisheries Science, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2022.35.2.006
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Published
2025-05-28
How to Cite
nguyen, tram, Huynh, A. B., Le-Nguyen, M. T., Le, H. G. H., Bui, H. N. A., Nguyen, V. L., Nguyen, T. B. H., & Nguyen, T. H. Y. (2025). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ludwigia Species: Potential Applications in Acne Treatment. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.17296
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Section
Research Article
