Keywords
Japan
Plant Variety Protection
Singapore
UPOV 1991
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the comparative implementation of UPOV 1991 as a form of international compliance and its impact in Singapore and Japan. The findings of this research reveal that Singapore ratified UPOV 1991 in 2004 and implemented it in the Plant Varieties Protection Act 2004. Meanwhile, Japan ratified UPOV 1991 in 1998 and implemented it in the amendments to the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act 1978. It provides a 25-year protection guarantee for plant breeders, and the adoption of UPOV 1991 also has various other impacts on Singapore and Japan. Singapore has made notable strides in the agricultural innovation sector and is more actively involved in international cooperation addressing developing effective plant variety protection systems. As for Japan, a more efficient framework for the use of IPR, which increases the competitiveness of domestic agriculture, has been established, and innovation in plant variety testing technology continues to experience advancements that bring numerous benefits to local farmers.
References
Wresearch. (2023). Singapore Plant Breeding and CRISPR Plants Market (2024-2030). 6Wresearch.
Asia, M. (n.d.). Singapore Plant Varieties Protection Act Expands Reach. Leading Lawyers. https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/singapore-plant-varieties-protection-act-expands-reach-34273
Branche-Ip. (2023, June 25). Plant Variety Protection System. Branche International IP Law Firm. https://www.branche-ip.jp/eng-pvp
Chayes, A., & Chayes, A. H. (1993). On Compliance. International Organization, 4(2), 175-205.
Dutfield, G. (2011). Food, Biological Diversity, and Intellectual Property. Global Economic Issue Publications Intellectual Property, 9.
EAVP Forum. (n.d.). Introduction to the East Asia Plant Variety Protection Forum. EAPVP Forum. http://eapvp.org/about
FAO. (2023a). Japan Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act (Law No. 83 of 1998). FAO. https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC027516
FAO. (2023b). Singapore Plant Varieties Protection Act. FAO. https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC064685
GRAIN, I. T. (2020, September 20). Trade Deals Handing Japanese Seeds to Multinational Corporations. GRAIN. https://grain.org/en/article/6532-trade-deals-handing-japanese-seeds-to-multinational-corporations
Hinkelmann, K. (2022). Revision of the Japanese Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act. Patentanwaltskanzlei Hinkelmann. http://hinkelmann-ip.com/news-detail-view/news/revision-of-the-japanese-plant-variety-protection-and-seed-act
International Trade Administration. (2024). Singapore - Agriculture. International Trade Administration. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/singapore-agriculture
IPOS. (n.d.). Forms and Fees. IPOS. https://www.ipos.gov.sg/about-ip/plant-variety-rights/managing-plant-variety-rights/forms-fees
IPOS. (n.d.). Plant Variety Rights. IPOS. https://www.ipos.gov.sg/about-ip/plant-variety-rights
Ito, M., & Hiraizumi, K. (2008). Agriculture in Japan. Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 47-53.
Jefferson, D. J. (2020). Compliance With Resistance: How Asia Can Adapt to The UPOV 1991 Model of Plant Breeders’ Rights. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 15(12), 1012-1020.
Jie, M., Teruaki, N., Yoshihiro, U., & Alwarritzi, W. (2023, January 26). Japan Guides the Way on Smart Farming Technology Adoption. Asia Pathways. https://www.asiapathways-adbi.org/2023/01/japan-guides-the-way-on-smart-farming-technology-adoption
Klein, C. (2023, December 19). Farming Industry in Japan - Statistics & Facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/7403/farming-in-japan
Klein, C. (2023, December 5). Japan: Area of Cultivated Land by Type 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1279526/japan-area-of-cultivated-land-by-type
Kok, M. A. (2020, January 16). Singapore’s Emerging Agritech Ecosystem. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/policy-centre/singapore/blog/singapores-emerging-agritech-ecosystem
Marks & Clerk. (2015, August 21). Singapore Meets UPOV Obligations for Plant Variety Protection. Lexology. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=fa37da23-e0dc-4ccd-a1be-530be01d379b
Medaglia, J. C., Oguamanam, C., Rukundo, O., & Perron-Welch, F. (2019). Comparative Study of the Nagoya Protocol, the Plant Treaty and the UPOV Convention: The Interface of Access and Benefit Sharing and Plant Variety Protection. Ottawa Faculty of Law Working Paper, (2019-29).
Meno, A. (2018, December 19). The Impact of Plant Variety Protection Under the UPOV Convention: Experience of Japan. EAPVP Forum. http://eapvp.org/uploads/2_The-Impact-of-Plant-Variety-Protection-Under-the-UPOV-Convention-Experience-of-Japan-Mr.-Meno.pdf
Meno, A. (2019, December 19). Atsuhiro Meno (Japan). (UPOV, Interviewer)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. (2022). The Plant Variety Protection System in Japan. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan.
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2022). Review of Plant Variety Rights Fees: Discussion Document. https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/19875-review-of-plant-variety-rights-fees-discussion-document
Mirandah. (2010, November 2). Guide To Plant Varieties Protection in the ASEAN Region. Mirandah Connecting Asia. https://www.mirandah.com/109-guide-to-plant-varieties-protection-in-the-asean-region
Miyamoto, T. (2021, October 20). The Plant Variety Protection System in Japan and Japan’s PVP Cooperation. UPOV. https://www.upov.int/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/upov_sem_ge_2_21/upov_sem_ge_2_21_ppt_4.pdf
Nieuwsbericht. (2023, November 7). Harmony Between Nature and Agriculture: Japan is on Its Way. Agroberichtenbuitenland. https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/11/07/harmony-between-nature-and-agriculture-japan-is-on-its-way
NParks Buzz. (2021, May). Our Native Orchids. NParks Buzz. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/nparksbuzz/may-issue-2021/main-feature/our-native-orchid
Purwoko, K., Prasetyo, D., Wijayanti, L. E., Setiawan, W. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Terhadap Pengendalian Intern. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Auditing, 9(3), 15–28.
Republic Polytechnic, R. (n.d.). Urban Agriculture Centre of Innovation (UACOI): Driving Research & Development (R&D) and Innovation Partnership Across the Urban Agriculture Value Chain. Republic Polytechnic. https://www.rp.edu.sg/uacoi
Sanderson, J. (2017). Plants, People, and Practices: The Nature and History of the UPOV Convention. Cambridge University Press.
SG101. (n.d.). Agritech in Singapore: Achieving Food and Economic Security. SG101. https://www.sg101.gov.sg/economy/digging-deeper-case-studies/agritechinsg/
Suginaka, A. (2018, Oktober 11). Tsuyahime Rice (Japan). (UPOV, Interviewer)
UPOV. (n.d.). Information and Proposals From Japan in Response to UPOV Circular E-21/228. UPOV. https://www.upov.int/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/wg_hrv_1/wg_hrv_1_proposals_jp.pdf
UPOV. (2004). Plant Variety Protection. UPOV.
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (n.d.). Japan 2021 Export Highlights. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. https://fas.usda.gov/japan-2021-export-highlights
WIPO. (n.d.). Plant Varieties. WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2017-chapter5.pdf
Yamaguchi, K. (2015). The Impact of Plant Variety Protection Under the UPOV Convention. EAPVP Forum. http://eapvp.org/files/report/docs/laos/04-2%20JP%20experience_Impact%20of%20PVP%20under%20UPOV%20Convention.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.